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Si on connaît le poids de l’armée, de la marine ou du service de la dette, les circuits internes qu’emprunte, au XVIIIe siècle, l’argent de l’État redistributeur demeurent encore obscurs. Les dotations des principales caisses centrales, les transferts de fonds de caisse à caisse, les ordres de paiement, notamment sur les caisses provinciales, et finalement l’acquittement des dépenses auprès des nombreux destinataires des fonds publics n’ont pas été étudiés en tant que tels. Or, apprécier la manière dont l’État organise la gestion de ses dépenses, met en œuvre les modalités de redistribution de l’argent public, et fait face (ou non) à ses obligations de paiement, nous renseigne utilement sur les relations financières qu’il entretient avec la société. Comment l’État paye les Français ? Qu’il s’agisse du paiement des soldes, gages, rentes, remboursement des corvées militaires, exemptions, remises fiscales, indemnités des expropriés, pensions, gratifications..., par quelles voies les fonds parviennent-ils à leurs destinataires ? Selon quel ordre de priorité, quelle forme (espèces, billets), quel délai ? Les travaux issus de cette journée d’études s’intéressent aux paiements de l’État moderne en observant l’administration monarchique dans un rôle plutôt gratifiant celui de dispensateur des deniers royaux, sans pour autant oublier que cette capacité de redistribution constitue l’exact pendant d’une capacité de prélèvement rendue possible par le monopole de la violence légitime.

Economics --- History --- monarchie --- administration --- fonds publics --- dépenses --- redistribution

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This paper brings back the fiscal angle to the analysis of equal opportunities both by connecting traditional benefit-incidence analysis of public spending with equal opportunities and by conducting ex-ante micro-simulations on the fiscal cost of equal opportunity policies in education. Four simulations are conducted in Liberia, a country devastated by a civil war, with serious educational enrollment gaps and fiscal policies highly dependent on international aid. Results for the simulated policy scenarios (increases in teachers' salaries, elimination of both fee and non-fee costs borne by households, and targeting public spending on education to rural schools) point to very modest redistributive effects but very different patterns of winners and losers among groups of children in Liberia.

Equality of Opportunities --- Fiscal Cost --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Redistribution --- Simulations --- Liberia

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Colombia has the seventh highest Gini coefficient of income inequality in the world. The Santos Administration is aware of this challenge and is taking important measures to reduce disparities. The government is also aspiring to join the OECD, which exhibits much lower income disparities, mainly as a result of effective policies of fiscal redistribution. In Colombia, meanwhile, direct taxes, indirect taxes, and monetary transfers hardly dent the high Gini coefficient. To reduce income inequality, Colombian policy makers could consider introducing a more progressive tax-transfer system. This paper ranks alternative inequality-reducing fiscal policy options based on their effectiveness. It argues that there are potentially important redistributive potential gains available from tax reforms if combined with good spending decisions. It presents an illustrative reform package that would be sufficient for Colombia to reach levels of inequality similar to Chile or Costa Rica in a fiscally neutral manner. Nonetheless, further analysis is needed to explore all available policy options and identify those best suited for Colombia.

Debt Markets --- Economic Theory & Research --- Emerging Markets --- Fiscal policy --- Fiscal redistribution --- Inequality --- Macroeconomics and Economic Growth --- Poverty Reduction --- Social spending --- Subnational Economic Development --- Taxation --- Taxation & Subsidies --- Colombia

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The papers included in this special issue cover a broad range of aspects ranging from genetics and breeding to crop production in the field. Climate change, intensified agriculture, modifications of land use, or pollution are often accompanied by larger fluctuations including extreme events. The growing world’s population and nutrient deficiencies in agricultural products for human or animal nutrition, or pollutants in harvested products in some regions (quality of yield), are important points to be integrated in a comprehensive analysis aimed at supporting agriculture on the way into a challenging future. It is therefore necessary to develop suitable models to identify potentials and risks. Instabilities (e.g., caused by climatic factors or pests) should be detected as early as possible to initiate corrections in the nutrient supply or in other growth conditions. Sensitive detection systems for nutrient disorders in the field can facilitate this task, and are therefore, highly desirable

Senescence --- Pollution --- Abiotic stress --- Transport via xylem and phloem --- Biotic stress --- Nutrient availability in soil --- Nutrient assimilation --- Nutrient uptake --- Nutrient redistribution --- Nutrient contents in harvested plant products

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Lateinamerika gilt als der ungleichste Kontinent der Welt. Paradoxerweise hat die Entwicklung ressourcenintensiver Sozialsysteme wenig dazu beigetragen, das soziale Ungleichgewicht zu verändern. Der Autor zeichnet dieses Paradox am Beispiel Argentiniens nach, deckt die zugrundeliegenden Macht- und Interessenskonflikte auf und stellt erfolgreiche Strategien zur Umsetzung einer integrativen Politik vor. Als erste Studie dieser Art untersucht sie systematisch die langfristige Entwicklung der sozialen Absicherung von Geringverdienern in Argentinien und analysiert die entscheidenden politischen, sozialen und ökonomischen Einflussfaktoren. Latin America is considered the most unequal continent in the world. Paradoxically, the development of resource-intensive social systems has done little to change the social imbalance. The author traces this paradox using Argentina as an example, uncovering the underlying conflicts of power and interests, and identifying successful strategies for implementing inclusive policies. As the first study of its kind, it systematically examines the long-term development of social security for low-income earners in Argentina and analyzes the decisive political, social, and economic factors influencing it.

Lateinamerika --- Latin America --- Machtressourcenansatz --- Machtressourcentheorie --- political economy --- Politische Ökonomie --- power resources approach --- power resources theory --- redistribution --- social inequality --- social policy --- social security --- Soziale Ungleichheit --- Sozialpolitik --- Sozialsystem --- Staatstheorie --- state theory --- Umverteilung --- welfare state --- Wohlfahrtsstaat --- Lateinamerika;Latin America;Machtressourcenansatz;Machtressourcentheorie;political economy;Politische Ökonomie;power resources approach;power resources theory;redistribution;social inequality;social policy;social security;Soziale Ungleichheit;Sozialpolitik;Sozialsystem;Staatstheorie;state theory;Umverteilung;welfare state;Wohlfahrtsstaat