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Electronic signatures are ubiquitous. Anyone sending an e-mail or using a credit card uses one. They can have a bearing on all areas of law, and no lawyer is immune from having to advise clients about their legal consequences. This third edition provides an exhaustive discussion of what constitutes an electronic signature, the forms an electronic signature can take and the issues relating to evidence, formation of contract and negligence in respect of electronic signatures. Case law from a wide range of common law and civil law jurisdictions is analysed to illustrate how judges have dealt with changes in technology in the past and how the law has adapted in response.

Contracts --- Data encryption (Computer science) --- Digital signatures --- Electronic commerce --- Automation. --- Automation --- Law and legislation --- Law and legislation. --- Law --- General and Others --- Agreements --- Contract law --- Contractual limitations --- Limitations, Contractual --- Commercial law --- Legal instruments --- Obligations (Law) --- Juristic acts --- Liberty of contract --- Third parties (Law) --- Electronic signatures --- Signature (Law) --- Data encoding (Computer science) --- Encryption of data (Computer science) --- Computer security --- Cryptography --- Signatures, Digital --- Authentication

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541.65 <063> --- Chirality --- -Circular dichroism --- -Optical rotatory dispersion --- -#WSCH:AAS1 --- Dispersion --- Optical rotation --- Dichroism --- Stereochemistry --- Symmetry (Physics) --- Enantiomers --- Relation of chemical structure to optical properties--Congressen --- Congresses --- 541.65 <063> Relation of chemical structure to optical properties--Congressen --- Circular dichroism --- Optical rotatory dispersion --- #WSCH:AAS1 --- Optical rotation. --- Optical rotatory dispersion.

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In this updated edition of the well-established practitioner text, Stephen Mason and Daniel Seng have brought together a team of experts in the field to provide an exhaustive treatment of electronic evidence and electronic signatures. This fifth edition continues to follow the tradition in English evidence text books by basing the text on the law of England and Wales, with appropriate citations of relevant case law and legislation from other jurisdictions. Stephen Mason (of the Middle Temple, Barrister) is a leading authority on electronic evidence and electronic signatures, having advised global corporations and governments on these topics. He is also the editor of International Electronic Evidence (British Institute of International and Comparative Law 2008), and he founded the innovative international open access journal Digital Evidence and Electronic Signatures Law Review in 2004. Daniel Seng (Associate Professor, National University of Singapore) is the Director of the Centre for Technology, Robotics, AI and the Law (TRAIL). He teaches and researches information technology law and evidence law. Daniel was previously a partner and head of the technology practice at Messrs Rajah & Tann. He is also an active consultant to the World Intellectual Property Organization, where he has researched, delivered papers and published monographs on copyright exceptions for academic institutions, music copyright in the Asia Pacific and the liability of Internet intermediaries.

Digital signatures --- Law and legislation. --- Electronic signatures --- Signature (Law) --- Law and legislation

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Electronic evidence. --- Electronic discovery (Law) --- Electronic records --- Computer files --- Evidence, Documentary. --- Law and legislation. --- Documentary evidence --- Evidence (Law) --- Legal documents --- Computer discovery (Law) --- Cyber discovery (Law) --- Cyberdiscovery (Law) --- Digital discovery (Law) --- E-discovery (Law) --- Discovery (Law) --- Digital evidence --- Evidence, Documentary

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Women drinking during pregnancy can result in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD), which features neurodevelopmental deficit, facial dysmorphology, growth retardation, and learning disability. Research suggests the human brain is precisely shaped through an intrinsic, genetic-cellular expression that is orchestrated further upstream by an epigenetic program. This program can be influenced by environmental inputs such as alcohol. Current research suggests the genetic and epigenetics of FASD are becoming intertwined and inseparable. Now is the time for investigators to combine genetic, genomic and epigenetic alcohol research into an accessible, online platform discussion. Genetic analyses inform gene sets vulnerable to alcohol exposure during early neurulation. Prenatal alcohol exposure alters expression of gene subsets, including genes involved in neural specification, hematopoiesis, methylation, chromatin remodeling, histone variants, eye and heart development. Recently, quantitative map locusing (QTLs) that mediate alcohol-induced phenotype were identified between two mouse strains. Another question is -- besides amount, dose, and stage of alcohol exposure, why only 5% of women drinking have a newborn with FAS? Studies are also ongoing to answer this question by characterizing genome-wide expression, allele-specific expression (ASE), gene polymorphisms (SNPs) and maternal genetic factors that influence alcohol vulnerability. Alcohol exposure during pregnancy, which can lead to FASD, has been used as a model to resolve the epigenetic pathway between environment and phenotype. Epigenetics modifies genetic outputs through alteration of 3D chromatin structure and accessibility of transcriptional machinery. Several laboratories have reported altered epigenetics, including DNA methylation and histone modification, in multiple models of FASD. During development DNA methylation is dynamic, yet orchestrated as methylation progresses in a precise spatiotemporal manner during neurulation and coincides with neural differentiation. Alcohol can directly influence epigenetics through alterations of the methionine pathway and subsequent DNA or histone methylation/acetylation. Alcohol also alters noncoding RNA including miRNA and transposable elements (TEs). Evidence suggests that miRNA expression may mediate ethanol teratology, and TEs may be affected by alcohol through altering DNA methylation at LTR. In this manner epigenetic and genetics of FASD are becoming mechanistically intertwined. Can alcohol-induced epigenomic alterations be passed through generations? Early epidemiological studies revealed infants with FASD-like features in the absence of maternal alcohol, where the fathers were alcoholics. Novel mechanisms for alcohol-induced phenotypes include altered sperm DNA methylation, hypomethylated paternal allele and heritable epimutation. These studies predict heritability of alcohol-induced epigenetic abnormalities and gene functionality across generations.

Substance Abuse --- Social Welfare & Social Work --- Social Sciences --- Pregnant women --- Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders --- Children of prenatal alcohol abuse. --- Alcohol use. --- Evaluation. --- Children exposed prenatally to alcohol --- Children exposed to prenatal alcohol abuse --- Prenatal alcohol abuse victims --- Alcoholism in pregnancy --- Alcohol-related birth defects --- Alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders --- FASDs (Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders) --- Fetal alcohol syndrome --- Neurodevelopmental disorders, Alcohol-related --- Abnormalities, Human --- Fetus --- Syndromes --- Children of prenatal alcohol abuse --- Complications --- Diseases --- DNA Methylation --- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome --- histone modification --- Epigenetic medicine --- Genomics --- Alcoholism --- transgenerational --- Pregnancy drinking --- FASD --- Gene environmental interaction