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This is a comprehensive report on every armed conflict which took place during 2012. It is the first of a new series of annual reports on armed conflicts across the globe, offering an unprecedented overview of the nature, range, and impact of these conflicts and the legal issues they create. In Part I, the report describes its criteria for the identification and classification of armed conflicts under international law, and the legal consequences that flow from this classification. It sets out a list of armed conflicts in 2012, categorizing each as international (including cases of foreign military occupation) or non-international in character, with estimates of civilian and military casualties. In Part II, each of these conflicts is examined in more detail, with an overview of the belligerents, means and methods of warfare, the applicable treaties and rules, and any prosecutions for, investigations into, or robust allegations of war crimes. Part III of the report provides a detailed thematic analysis of key legal developments which arose in the context of these conflicts, allowing for a more in-depth reflection on cross-cutting questions and controversies. The topics under investigation in the report include drone strikes, the use of explosive weapons, small arms, forced displacement of civilians, detention at Guantanamo Bay, and the enforcement of international humanitarian and criminal law in both national and international courts.

850 Vrede- en conflictstudies --- 851 Burgeroorlogen --- 852 Internationale conflicten

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Land use, Rural --- Cadastres --- Sol, utilisation du --- History --- histoire --- History. --- 937.05 --- 91 <09> <37> --- -Rural land use --- Land use --- Agriculture --- Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- Aardrijkskunde. Geografie--Geschiedenis van ...--Rome. Oud-Italië --- -Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- 937.05 Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- Rural land use --- Land use, Rural - Italy - Salento - History. --- Rome --- Provinces --- Italie --- Conditions rurales --- Antiquite --- Antiquites

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Roman history --- Political parties --- Partis politiques --- Rome --- Politics and government --- History --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire --- Nobility --- Political activity. --- 937.05 --- -Rome --- -Noble class --- Noble families --- Nobles (Social class) --- Peerage --- Upper class --- Aristocracy (Social class) --- Titles of honor and nobility --- Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- Political activity --- -Nobility --- -Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- -937.05 --- 937.05 Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- -Political parties --- Noble class --- Republic, 265-30 B.C. --- Nobility - Rome - Political activity. --- 265-30 av. j.c.

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Roman history --- Magistracy [Roman ] --- Magistraten [Romeinse ] --- Magistrates [Roman ] --- Magistrats romains --- Magistratus municipales --- Roman magistrates --- Tribuns de la plebe --- Tribunus plebis --- Volkstribunen --- Plèbe. --- Tribunus plebis. --- Plebs (Rome). --- Tribuns de la plèbe --- Plèbe --- Rome --- histoire --- History --- Histoire --- 937.05 --- Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- 937.05 Geschiedenis van Rome: burgeroorlogen)--(146-31 v.Chr.) --- Plèbe. --- Tribuns de la plèbe --- Plèbe --- 265- 30 av. j.-c. (republique)

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This vividly written book is the first comprehensive assessment of the origins of the present-day democratic regime in Portugal to be placed in a broad international historical context. It is written with the benefit of a long-term vision of Portuguese history, and it emphasizes the significance of Portugal's new European orientation after centuries of global and oceanic preoccupations. After an account of the collapse of the old regime in 1974, the book studies the complex revolutionary period that followed, and the struggle in Europe and Africa to define the future role of Europe's poorest country. These events also had international repercussions which transformed the balance of forces in southern Africa, following the collapse of Europe's last overseas empire. The consequent actions and reactions of the European powers and the United States are examined, and telling comparisons are also drawn with later developments in Eastern Europe, and with the wider collapse of the communist movement.

822.6 Militaire Bondgenootschappen --- 826 Imperialisme, Kolonialisme --- 841.1 Democratisering --- 841.3 Politieke bewegingen --- 841 Politiek Bestel --- 845 Religie --- 851 Burgeroorlogen --- 855.5 Gewapende groeperingen --- 858.1 Politiek geweld --- 881.1 Oost-Afrika --- 881.2 Centraal-Afrika --- 881 Afrika --- 884.3 Zuid-Europa --- 946.9044 --- Portugal --- Foreign relations --- -Politics and government --- -822.6 Militaire Bondgenootschappen --- -Portugal --- Politics and government --- History --- Relations éxtérieures --- Politique et gouvernement --- Histoire --- Arts and Humanities