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Commercial poker solvers emerged around 2015, these are paid software used by poker players to study the game and improve their strategies and whose purpose is to find the best way to play in certain poker situations. Unfortunately for us, their implementation is a black box. As poker players and computer science students, we asked ourselves two questions. Why did the most popular poker solvers appear during this period? How to implement our own poker solver? We answer these questions in this thesis. We review the scientific literature and find that in 2015 the Heads-Up Limit Texas Hold’em poker variant has been weakly solved for the first time by a computer program called Cepheus. This poker variant contains 1014 decision points and has been a challenge for artificial intelligence for over 10 years. We find that the best poker AIs after this period face the same challenges and use techniques that have commonalities to solve them. We describe the challenges and techniques used to create a poker solver. The most common challenges are related to the size of a poker game, the computing power and memory required to solve and store a strategy for a game of this magnitude. We implement a poker solver capable of solving abstractions of different poker variants on a home computer using techniques such as Couterfactual Regret Minimization (CFR) and game abstractions. We also create tools to read and study the strategies calculated by our solver. At the end of this thesis, we show that our results are consistent with the results obtained by commercial poker solvers and we discuss ways to improve our implementation and to solve poker situations in games as big as No Limit Texas Hold’em.

poker --- solver --- counterfactual regret minimization --- cfr --- Nash equilibrium --- imperfect information games --- games theory --- Ingénierie, informatique & technologie > Sciences informatiques

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This reprint contains a collection of state-of-the-art reviews and original research articles from leaders in the field of 3D/4D printing. It focuses on 3D/4D printing materials with novel and/or advanced functionalities, novel applications of 3DP material, and material synthesis and characterization techniques.

Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- Materials science --- 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- dental forceps --- CFR (continuous fiber reinforcement) --- fatigue test --- mechanical testing --- composite --- carbon --- scanning electron microscopy --- polyphenylsulfone --- PPSF --- fire-resistant --- aircraft interior --- selective laser sintering --- direct writing --- PVC gel --- artificial muscle --- rheological behavior --- integrated printing --- 4D printing --- fused deposition modelling --- stereolithography --- polymers --- FEM --- FDM --- microstructure behavior --- linear analysis --- RVE --- polyimide --- aerogels --- chemical smoothing --- vapor smoothing --- PVB --- carbon fiber mold --- polylactic acid --- sound reflection --- excitation frequency --- porosity --- 3D printing technique --- thickness --- air gap --- FluidFM --- microstructures --- nanostructures --- biofunctionalization --- mechanical properties --- scanning probe lithography --- copper complex --- photocomposite --- LED --- laser write --- free radical photopolymerization --- bio-inspired spider silks --- adjustable mechanical properties --- shape morphing --- stimulus response --- 3D printing --- additive manufacturing --- dental forceps --- CFR (continuous fiber reinforcement) --- fatigue test --- mechanical testing --- composite --- carbon --- scanning electron microscopy --- polyphenylsulfone --- PPSF --- fire-resistant --- aircraft interior --- selective laser sintering --- direct writing --- PVC gel --- artificial muscle --- rheological behavior --- integrated printing --- 4D printing --- fused deposition modelling --- stereolithography --- polymers --- FEM --- FDM --- microstructure behavior --- linear analysis --- RVE --- polyimide --- aerogels --- chemical smoothing --- vapor smoothing --- PVB --- carbon fiber mold --- polylactic acid --- sound reflection --- excitation frequency --- porosity --- 3D printing technique --- thickness --- air gap --- FluidFM --- microstructures --- nanostructures --- biofunctionalization --- mechanical properties --- scanning probe lithography --- copper complex --- photocomposite --- LED --- laser write --- free radical photopolymerization --- bio-inspired spider silks --- adjustable mechanical properties --- shape morphing --- stimulus response

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This book covers a wide range of topics in the orthopaedic fields and can be used as a textbook for the final undergraduate engineering course or as a topic on tribology at the postgraduate level. This book can serve as a useful reference for academics, tribology, and materials researchers; mechanical, materials, and physics engineers; biomedical scientists and professionals in tribology; and related industries. The scientific interest in this book will be evident for many important centres of research, including laboratories and universities throughout the world.

History of engineering & technology --- vitamin-E stabilized PE --- cross-linked PE --- standard PE --- hip simulator --- FTIR analysis --- Ti-28Nb-35.4 alloy --- powder metallurgy --- ball milling --- mechanical properties --- biocompatibility --- total hip arthroplasty --- musculoskeletal multibody model --- dynamic loading --- finite element analysis --- radial clearance --- dry and wet friction --- digital image correlation --- homogeneous strain --- small deformation level --- accuracy --- precision --- calcium phosphate cements --- polarization --- CoCr alloy --- wear particles --- hyaluronic acid --- macrophages biocompatibility --- UHMWPE --- tribology --- h-index --- bibliometric indicators --- biomaterials --- quality of research --- citations --- ceramic --- friction --- hip --- implants --- polyethylene --- prosthesis --- simulator --- wear --- mandible condylar fractures --- surgical treatment --- titanium --- PLLA --- Selective Laser Melting --- Direct Metal Laser Sintering --- porosity --- titanium alloys --- yield strength --- ultimate tensile strength --- X-Ray Diffraction --- computational model --- biomechanics --- unicompartmental knee replacement --- CFR-PEEK --- varus and valgus alignments --- bioceramics --- additive manufacturing --- scaffolds --- bone tissue engineering --- vitamin-E stabilized PE --- cross-linked PE --- standard PE --- hip simulator --- FTIR analysis --- Ti-28Nb-35.4 alloy --- powder metallurgy --- ball milling --- mechanical properties --- biocompatibility --- total hip arthroplasty --- musculoskeletal multibody model --- dynamic loading --- finite element analysis --- radial clearance --- dry and wet friction --- digital image correlation --- homogeneous strain --- small deformation level --- accuracy --- precision --- calcium phosphate cements --- polarization --- CoCr alloy --- wear particles --- hyaluronic acid --- macrophages biocompatibility --- UHMWPE --- tribology --- h-index --- bibliometric indicators --- biomaterials --- quality of research --- citations --- ceramic --- friction --- hip --- implants --- polyethylene --- prosthesis --- simulator --- wear --- mandible condylar fractures --- surgical treatment --- titanium --- PLLA --- Selective Laser Melting --- Direct Metal Laser Sintering --- porosity --- titanium alloys --- yield strength --- ultimate tensile strength --- X-Ray Diffraction --- computational model --- biomechanics --- unicompartmental knee replacement --- CFR-PEEK --- varus and valgus alignments --- bioceramics --- additive manufacturing --- scaffolds --- bone tissue engineering

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Across the contiguous 48 states, populations in states with more activist civic cultures have lower mortality than states that do not follow this model. Several different factors can be pointed to as causes for this discrepancy - net income, class inequality, and the history of settlement in each of the different states and regions. These observations are true of Non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans but not of American Indians, and Hispanics, neither of which is fully integrated into the state political culture and economy in which it resides. In Regional Cultures and Mortality in America, the struggles these various populations face in regard to their health are explored in terms of where they reside.

Mortality --- Cultural Characteristics --- Socioeconomic Factors --- Factors, Socioeconomic --- High-Income Population --- Land Tenure --- Standard of Living --- Social Inequalities --- Social Inequality --- Factor, Socioeconomic --- High Income Population --- High-Income Populations --- Inequalities, Social --- Inequality, Social --- Living Standard --- Living Standards --- Population, High-Income --- Populations, High-Income --- Socioeconomic Factor --- Tenure, Land --- Economics --- Ethnic Boundary Maintenance --- Boundary Maintenance, Ethnic --- Boundary Maintenances, Ethnic --- Characteristic, Cultural --- Characteristics, Cultural --- Cultural Characteristic --- Ethnic Boundary Maintenances --- Maintenance, Ethnic Boundary --- Maintenances, Ethnic Boundary --- Age Specific Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rate --- Case Fatality Rate --- Decline, Mortality --- Determinants, Mortality --- Differential Mortality --- Excess Mortality --- Mortality Decline --- Mortality Determinants --- Mortality Rate --- Mortality, Differential --- Mortality, Excess --- CFR Case Fatality Rate --- Crude Death Rate --- Crude Mortality Rate --- Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rates --- Case Fatality Rates --- Crude Death Rates --- Crude Mortality Rates --- Death Rate, Age-Specific --- Death Rate, Crude --- Death Rates --- Determinant, Mortality --- Differential Mortalities --- Excess Mortalities --- Mortalities --- Mortality Declines --- Mortality Determinant --- Mortality Rate, Crude --- Mortality Rates --- Rate, Age-Specific Death --- Rate, Case Fatality --- Rate, Crude Death --- Rate, Crude Mortality --- Rate, Death --- Rate, Mortality --- Rates, Case Fatality --- Disease --- mortality --- United States. --- E-books --- Mortality, Law of --- Death --- Demography --- Death (Biology) --- United States --- Economic and Social Factors --- Social and Economic Factors --- Socioeconomic Characteristics --- Characteristic, Socioeconomic --- Socioeconomic Characteristic

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This book is a quantitative study of relocation costs among European soldiers in the tropics between about 1815 and 1914. This study, however, has broader implications. For Europe itself, this was the crucial century of the 'mortality revolution', with its profound influence on European and world demographic history. For the history of medicine, this was the transitional century between the kind of medicine that had been practiced in Europe since classical times and the kind of scientific medicine that would be spawned by the germ theory of disease. For Europe's global, political and military relations, this was the final period for the European conquest. For all these reasons, the relocation costs of this period have great bearing on human history.

History of Medicine, 19th century --- Military Medicine --- Mortality --- Tropical Medicine --- Medicine, Military --- Soldiers --- Tropical medicine --- Médecine militaire --- Europe --- statistics --- history --- History --- Histoire --- History, 19th Century. --- Mortality. --- Age Specific Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rate --- Case Fatality Rate --- Decline, Mortality --- Determinants, Mortality --- Differential Mortality --- Excess Mortality --- Mortality Decline --- Mortality Determinants --- Mortality Rate --- Mortality, Differential --- Mortality, Excess --- Death Rate --- Age-Specific Death Rates --- Case Fatality Rates --- Death Rate, Age-Specific --- Death Rates --- Death Rates, Age-Specific --- Declines, Mortality --- Determinant, Mortality --- Differential Mortalities --- Excess Mortalities --- Mortalities --- Mortalities, Differential --- Mortalities, Excess --- Mortality Declines --- Mortality Determinant --- Mortality Rates --- Rate, Age-Specific Death --- Rate, Case Fatality --- Rate, Death --- Rate, Mortality --- Rates, Age-Specific Death --- Rates, Case Fatality --- Rates, Death --- Rates, Mortality --- Disease --- 19th Cent. History (Medicine) --- 19th Cent. History of Medicine --- 19th Cent. Medicine --- Historical Events, 19th Century --- History of Medicine, 19th Cent. --- History, Nineteenth Century --- Medical History, 19th Cent. --- Medicine, 19th Cent. --- 19th Century History --- 19th Cent. Histories (Medicine) --- 19th Century Histories --- Cent. Histories, 19th (Medicine) --- Cent. History, 19th (Medicine) --- Century Histories, 19th --- Century Histories, Nineteenth --- Century History, 19th --- Century History, Nineteenth --- Histories, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Histories, 19th Century --- Histories, Nineteenth Century --- History, 19th Cent. (Medicine) --- Nineteenth Century Histories --- Nineteenth Century History --- history. --- statistics & numerical data. --- mortality --- Europe. --- Northern Europe --- Southern Europe --- Western Europe --- History. --- Médecine militaire --- statistics. --- History, 19th Century --- Diseases, Tropical --- Hygiene, Tropical --- Medicine --- Public health, Tropical --- Sanitation, Tropical --- Tropical diseases --- Medical climatology --- Armed Forces personnel --- Members of the Armed Forces --- Military personnel --- Military service members --- Service members --- Servicemen, Military --- Armed Forces --- Military medicine --- Medicine, Naval --- Military hospitals --- Military hygiene --- War --- statistics & numerical data --- Medical aspects --- Relief of sick and wounded --- India --- West Indies --- Algeria --- Medicine [Military ] --- Tropical medicine - History. --- Soldiers - India - Mortality. --- Soldiers - Algeria - Mortality. --- Soldiers - West Indies - Mortality. --- Medicine, Military - History. --- CFR Case Fatality Rate --- Crude Death Rate --- Crude Mortality Rate --- Crude Death Rates --- Crude Mortality Rates --- Death Rate, Crude --- Mortality Rate, Crude --- Rate, Crude Death --- Rate, Crude Mortality --- Arts and Humanities