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Transportation --- Gross domestic product --- Economic life of fixed assets. --- Capital investments

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Dealing with economic failure is one of the persistent and ubiquitous features of economic life. This volume brings together international scholars from several academic disciplines ? economic and social history, legal history and law. They address a variety of different aspects on economic failure ranging from case studies on bankruptcy, insolvency, speculation, and strategies of coping with economic and financial squeezes. One focus throughout the book is on the in-betweens and the reciprocal impact of law and practice. The timeframe covers the period from the late middle ages to the present day. Irrespective of the temporal, spatial or cultural differences a slow and tedious evolution from a creditor-friendly to a more debtor-friendly perspective can be perceived. The chances for a fresh start have slightly improved.

Bankruptcy --- Banks and banking --- Economic history. --- Banques --- Histoire économique --- History. --- Histoire --- Economic History --- History --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economics --- Cessio bonorum --- Insolvency --- Privileged debts --- Business failures --- Commercial law --- Debt --- Law and legislation --- Economic history --- Faillite --- Histoire économique --- Economic life of fixed assets. --- Economic life (of economic goods) --- Fixed assets, Economic life of --- Life, Economic --- Useful life of fixed assets --- Accounting --- Depreciation --- Service life (Engineering) --- Histoire. --- Bankruptcy - History --- Banks and banking - History

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Safety and reliability are important for the whole expected service duration of an engineering structure. Therefore, prognostical solutions for different building types are needed and uncertainties have to be handled. Life-cycle strategies to control future structural degradations by concepts of appropriate design have to be developed, in case including means of inspection, maintenance, and repair. Aspects of costs and sustainability also matter. The Cooperative Research Center for Lifetime-Oriented Design Concepts (SFB 398) at Ruhr University in Bochum combines the wide range of scientific topics between structural engineering, structural and soil mechanics and material sciences regarding structural lifetime management in this present extraordinary monolithic format. The characterization and modeling of lifetime-related external actions of multiple origin are presented in this book as well as the physical description, the modeling and the validation of material degradation. Adaptive numerical methods and simulation techniques are provided for the lifetime-oriented design concepts to forecast material and structural degradation. Stochastic aspects, mathematical optimization methods and interactions between various influences are included. Thus, a solid basis is provided for future practical use and also for standardization of structural design with respect to lifetime-prediction.

Building materials. --- Structural design. --- Materials Science --- Chemical & Materials Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Service life (Engineering) --- Evaluation. --- Mathematical models. --- Life, Service (Engineering) --- Operating life (Engineering) --- Engineering. --- Structural mechanics. --- Buildings --- Building. --- Construction. --- Engineering, Architectural. --- Building repair. --- Materials science. --- Building Materials. --- Building Repair and Maintenance. --- Materials Science, general. --- Structural Mechanics. --- Building Construction. --- Design and construction. --- Repair and reconstruction. --- Reliability (Engineering) --- Economic life of fixed assets --- Maintenance --- Building construction. --- Materials. --- Mechanics. --- Mechanics, Applied. --- Solid Mechanics. --- Building Construction and Design. --- Applied mechanics --- Engineering, Mechanical --- Engineering mathematics --- Classical mechanics --- Newtonian mechanics --- Physics --- Dynamics --- Quantum theory --- Engineering --- Engineering materials --- Industrial materials --- Engineering design --- Manufacturing processes --- Materials --- Buildings—Repair and reconstruction. --- Buildings—Design and construction. --- Architectural engineering --- Construction --- Construction science --- Engineering, Architectural --- Structural design --- Structural engineering --- Architecture --- Construction industry --- Material science --- Physical sciences --- Building reconstruction --- Building renovation --- Building repair --- Reconstruction of buildings --- Remodeling of buildings --- Renovation of buildings --- Repairing --- Architectural materials --- Building --- Building supplies --- Construction materials --- Structural materials --- Design and construction --- Reconstruction --- Remodeling --- Renovation --- Protection --- Conservation and restoration