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The Atlas describes soil as habitat for the diversity of organisms that live under our feet. At the same time, it draws attention to the threats to soil biodiversity, such as invasive species, pollution, intensive land use practices or climate change. The Atlas provides current solutions for a sustainable management of soils. It was coordinated by the JRC and the Global Soil Biodiversity Initiative (www.globalsoilbiodiversity.org) with more than 70 contributing organisations and several hundred individual contributions. It illustrates the diversity of soil organisms, explains their geographical and temporal distribution, the ecosystem functions and services provided by soil biota. Most importantly, it draws attention to the myriad of threats to soil biodiversity. These include inappropriate land management practices (e.g. deforestation, land take for infrastructure development), agricultural systems, over-grazing, forest fires and poor water management (both irrigation and drainage). Other practices such as land conversion from grassland or forest to cropped land result in rapid loss of soil carbon, which indirectly enhances global warming. The Atlas shows that mismanaging soils could exacerbate the effects of climate change, jeopardise agricultural production, compromise the quality of ground water and worsen pollution. It also proposes solutions to safeguard soil biodiversity through the development of policies that directly or indirectly target soil health, leading to a more sustainable use.

Soil biodiversity. --- Soil biology. --- Biology --- Natural history --- Diversity, Soil biological --- Soil biological diversity --- Biodiversity --- Soil biodiversity --- Soil biology

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Agricultural land is subjected to a variety of societal pressures, as demands for food, animal feed, and biomass production increase, with an added requirement to simultaneously maintain natural areas and mitigate climatic and environmental impacts. The biotic elements of agricultural systems interact with the abiotic environment to generate a number of ecosystem functions that offer services benefiting humans across many scales of time and space. The intensification of agriculture generally reduces biodiversity including that within soil, and impacts negatively upon a number of regulating and supporting ecosystem services. There is a global need toward achieving sustainable agricultural systems, as also highlighted in the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. There is hence a need for management regimes that enhance both agricultural production and the associated provision of multiple ecosystem services. The articles of this Research Topic enhance our knowledge of how management practices applied to agricultural systems affect the delivery of multiple ecosystem services and how trade-offs between provisioning, regulating, and supporting services can be handled both above- and below-ground. They also show the diversity of topics that need to be considered within the framework of ecosystem services delivered by agricultural systems, from knowledge on basic concepts and newly-proposed frameworks, to a focus on specific ecosystem types such as grasslands and high nature-value farmlands, pollinator habitats, and soil habitats. This diversity of topics indicates the need for broader-scope research, integrated with targeted scientific research to promote sustainable agricultural practices and to ensure food security.

soil biodiversity --- pollination --- perennial crops --- scale --- soil --- high-value farmlands --- conceptual frameworks

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Soil animals --- Soil biology --- Soil animals. --- Soil biology. --- Soil --- Animals --- Soil. --- Animals. --- Biology --- Natural history --- Soil fauna --- Compost animals --- Animalia --- Animal --- Metazoa --- Humus --- Soils --- Peat --- Periodicals --- Life Sciences --- Zoology --- soil biodiversity --- soil biology --- soil organisms --- soil ecology --- soil ecosystem functions

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Le sol est l’origine du monde, car il le porte, le nourrit et le protège. Il est construit par sa biodiversité, qui représente 25 % des espèces connues. Il fourmille d’animaux et de microbes qui vivent et se nourrissent de façons incroyablement variées : cette diversité assure tout simplement… le fonctionnement des écosystèmes terrestres. Le sol fait aussi la fertilité des océans, régule le cours des rivières et modifie le climat. C’est une puissante et étonnante construction du monde vivant. Hélas ! Méconnaissant le sol, qui nous paraît opaque et sale, nous l’avons endommagé depuis des millénaires. Urbanisation, agricultures inadaptées, salinisation, pollution… l’empêchent d’assurer ses services inestimables et il disparaît sous nos yeux par érosion. Marc-André Selosse nous invite à un magnifique périple souterrain, accessible à tous, entre les composants du sol et sa vie débordante. Il nous fait découvrir la partie souterraine et méconnue des plantes. Enfin, il conclut avec optimisme sur les gestes grâce auxquels nous transmettrons des sols intacts aux générations futures. Car ceux-ci peuvent devenir des outils de développement durable. Avec sa faconde habituelle et un brin d’humour dans l’illustration, l’auteur nous raconte simplement le sol et éclaire de nombreuses observations banales. En comprenant ce sol que nous piétinons, nous retisserons notre lien perdu au monde naturel

Sols. --- Sols --- Pédologie. --- Cultures et sols. --- Écologie des sols. --- Écosystèmes. --- Animaux des sols. --- Relations plante-sol. --- Dégradation. --- Écologie des sols --- Relations plante-sol --- Interaction sol-atmosphère --- Ecologie --- Pédologie --- Reconnaissance des sols --- Eau --- Flore --- Biologie végétale --- Biodiversité --- Environnement naturel --- Ecosystème --- Soils --- Soil and civilization. --- Soil management. --- Soil biodiversity. --- Environmental aspects.

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Soil fauna plays a key role in many soil functions, such as organic matter decomposition, humus formation, and nutrient release, modifying soil structure, and improving its fertility. Soil invertebrates play key roles in determining soil suitability for agricultural production and realizing sustainable farming systems. They include an enormous diversity of arthropods, nematodes, and earthworms. However, this fauna suffers from the impact of agricultural activities with implications for the capacity of soil to maintain its fertility and provide ecosystem services. Some agricultural practices may create crucial soil habitat changes, with consequences for invertebrate biodiversity. In the few last decades, especially under intensive and specialized farming systems, a loss in soil ecosystem services has been observed, as a result of the reduction in both the abundance and taxonomic diversity of soil faunal communities. On the other hand, agricultural practices, based on sustainable soil management, can promote useful soil fauna. Therefore, the concerns about the sensibility of soil biota to the agricultural practices make it urgent to develop sustainable management strategies, able to realize favorable microclimate and habitats, and reduce the soil disturbance.

Research & information: general --- soil biota --- invertebrates --- farming systems --- bioenergy --- biodiversity --- wheat --- ecosystem --- axonchium --- helicotylenchus --- tylenchorhynchus --- pratylenchus --- reniform --- vertosol --- gossypium --- Gossypium --- Zea mays --- vertisol --- Lumbricidae --- Aporrectodea caliginosa --- Aporrectodea rosea --- phosphorus fertilizers --- phosphorus-solubilizing microorganisms --- renewable resources --- heavy metals --- Luvisols --- ground-dwelling arthropods --- pitfall traps --- cover crops --- ecosystem services --- natural enemies --- pear pests --- biological control --- soil organic matter --- soil pH --- post-harvest residues --- crop rotation --- Hordeum vulgare L. --- Vicia faba L. ssp. minor --- soil biodiversity --- vineyard --- co-occurrence patterns --- soil moisture --- soil temperature --- vineyard management --- traditional management --- sustainable agriculture --- management intensity --- South Tyrol --- mountain agriculture --- soil --- soil properties --- macrofauna --- earthworms --- sustainability --- soil invertebrates --- bioindicators --- soil quality --- mesofauna --- soil degradation --- land management