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This eBook is a collection of articles from a Frontiers Research Topic. Frontiers Research Topics are very popular trademarks of the Frontiers Journals Series: they are collections of at least ten articles, all centered on a particular subject. With their unique mix of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Frontiers Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author by contacting the Frontiers Editorial Office: frontiersin.org/about/contact

Medicine --- ultraviolet radiation --- Phototherapy --- immune suppression --- microbiome --- Psoriasis --- itch --- Carcinogenesis --- Photoprotection

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This Special Edition Issue on the “Pathogenesis and Treatment of Chronic Pruritus” contains an overview of various known causes of chronic pruritus and emerging therapeutics. Chronic pruritus is an itch that lasts longer than six weeks, and is associated with a variety of dermatologic, systemic, neurologic, and psychiatric etiologies. Itch negatively impacts patient quality of life, and has devastating psychosocial consequences. The manuscripts published in this Special Issue are also a showcase of the current understanding of the pathogenesis of chronic pruritus, along with its epidemiology, diagnostic workup, and therapeutic approaches used to treat chronic pruritus. A special focus is also placed on prurigo nodularis, a severely pruritic chronic inflammatory skin disease.

Medicine --- dupilumab --- IL-4 --- IL-13 --- pruritus --- chronic pruritus of unknown origin --- prurigo nodularis --- uremic pruritus --- lichen planus --- eosinophilic dermatosis of hematologic malignancy --- chronic pruritus --- mirtazapine --- chronic --- itch --- refractory --- treatment --- noradrenergic --- serotonergic --- antihistaminergic --- antidepressant --- skin --- atopic dermatitis --- ceramide --- pine tar --- drug-induced --- medication-related --- epidemiology --- inpatient --- disease burden --- national inpatient sample --- medical dermatology --- systematic review --- prurigo --- nodularis --- atopic --- dermatitis --- race --- gender --- comorbidities --- demographics --- pediatric --- children --- malignancy --- cancer --- neoplasm --- ion channels --- cell signaling --- Cav3.2 calcium channel --- RT-PCR --- wounds --- itch in wounds --- itch management --- aprepitant --- erlotinib --- EGFR --- epidermal growth factor receptor --- NK1R --- neurokinin1-receptor --- mycosis fungoides --- psoriasis --- associations --- lymphomatoid papulosis --- lymphoma --- racial differences --- nodular prurigo --- neuropathy --- therapeutic --- pathogenesis

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Basic research on the pharmacology of itch has exploded in the wake of two very influential papers that were published in Nature (2007) and Science (2009). Long overlooked as a milder form of pain, itching has rapidly gained a new appreciation in both research and clinical communities because of its complexity and its negative effects on the quality of life of the distressed patients. Like pain, not all itches are the same. Unlike pain, there are no standard drugs equivalent to aspirin and morphine. Epidemiological studies emphasize the high incidence and economic costs of itch (pruritus). It is the most prevalent symptom of a wide variety of allergic and inflammatory skin conditions (e.g., psoriasis, atopic dermatitis), is associated with several systemic diseases (e.g., chronic kidney and liver disease), and occurs in patients undergoing hemodialysis, spinal administration of opioids, and in those suffering from AIDS. The reader will learn about the multiple pathways for itch and their interactions with pain. The relationship between these closely related, yet distinct sensory phenomena, will be emphasized. Both itch and pain use several common molecules to send signals to the brain. Thus, drugs that have been, and are being, developed as analgesics may also attenuate intractable itch. This has been an exciting and very necessary turn of events since traditional H-1 receptor antagonists are ineffective in blocking the pruritus associated with kidney failure and cholestasis. The clinical chapters will provide insights into contemporary treatment regimens for pruritus in different human scenarios.

Biomedicine. --- Pharmacology/Toxicology. --- Anesthesiology. --- Dermatology. --- Pain Medicine. --- Allergology. --- Immunology. --- Medicine. --- Toxicology. --- Allergy. --- Médecine --- Immunologie --- Toxicologie --- Allergie --- Anesthésiologie --- Dermatologie --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pharmacy, Therapeutics, & Pharmacology --- Itching. --- Itching --- Treatment. --- Itch --- Itches --- Pruritus --- Pharmacology. --- Pain medicine. --- Cutaneous manifestations of general diseases --- Senses and sensation --- Immunobiology --- Life sciences --- Serology --- Allergic diseases --- Allergies --- Hypersensitivity --- Hypersensitivity, Immediate --- Immediate allergy --- Immediate hypersensitivity --- Immunologic diseases --- Immunoglobulin E --- Medicine --- Skin --- Anaesthesiology --- Surgery --- Chemicals --- Pharmacology --- Poisoning --- Poisons --- Diseases --- Toxicology --- Algiatry --- Drug effects --- Medical pharmacology --- Medical sciences --- Chemotherapy --- Drugs --- Pharmacy --- Physiological effect

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This book provides a comprehensive review of the latest advances in translational pain and itch research, and presents the cutting-edge developments in the study of our two principal, yet most mysteries sensations. Despite the slow progress in the discovery of effective therapies for chronic pain and pruritus, scientists around the globe now have a better understanding of why and how these conditions occur. Based on these findings, a series of novel treatment strategies are currently under development, and hopefully in a few years, medical practitioners will become more confident and optimistic when facing patients with these annoying and sometimes severe disorders. The contributing authors are world-renowned research scientists, who have made significant discoveries. The book is of interest to neuroscientists, neurologists and pharmacologists involved in both basic and clinical work relevant to the research and treatment of pain and/or itch.

Neurology --- Medicine --- Health & Biological Sciences --- Pain. --- Itching. --- Itch --- Itches --- Pruritus --- Aches --- Cutaneous manifestations of general diseases --- Senses and sensation --- Emotions --- Pleasure --- Symptoms --- Analgesia --- Suffering --- Neurosciences. --- Human physiology. --- Medicine. --- Pain Medicine. --- Human Physiology. --- Molecular Medicine. --- Clinical sciences --- Medical profession --- Human biology --- Life sciences --- Medical sciences --- Pathology --- Physicians --- Physiology --- Human body --- Neural sciences --- Neurological sciences --- Neuroscience --- Nervous system --- Molecular biology. --- Pain medicine. --- Molecular biochemistry --- Molecular biophysics --- Biochemistry --- Biophysics --- Biomolecules --- Systems biology --- Algiatry

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Pseudorabies virus (PRV) is an important swine pathogen that impacts swine industry worldwide. PRV belongs to the alphaherpes virus subfamily of the herpesviruses that has been widely used as a model herpes virus. Most recently, PRV has been reported sporadically spillover into human and other animals. This book collects the newest advances in the field of pseudorabies virus research, including critical reviews and research on viral evolution, replication, virus–host interaction, pathogenesis and immunity, and novel antiviral strategies.

Research & information: general --- Biology, life sciences --- Microbiology (non-medical) --- pseudorabies virus --- Liver X receptors --- clathrin-coated pits --- viral entry --- innate immune response --- type I interferons --- apoptosis --- autophagy --- premature termination codon --- genetic code expansion --- virus isolation --- pathogenicity --- mortality --- inflammatory response --- Huaier polysaccharide --- antiviral --- infection --- Vero cell --- TMT-based proteomic analysis --- differentially expressed proteins --- antiviral breeding --- genetic modification --- nectin1 --- pig --- PRV --- disease resistance --- seroprevalence --- epidemiology --- phylogenetic analysis --- variants --- ICP0 protein --- P65 --- NF-κB signaling pathway --- complete genome sequencing --- gene recombination --- variant strain --- genomics --- vaccination --- transmission --- zoonosis --- itch --- mouse --- histamine --- dorsal root ganglion --- metabolomic analysis --- UHPLC-QE-MS --- PK-15 cells --- latent infection --- latency-associated transcripts --- non-coding RNA --- latency --- miRNA --- chromatin --- immune regulation --- variation --- human pseudorabies encephalitis --- pseudorabies virus (PRV) --- tegument protein UL13 --- RIG-I --- MDA5 --- NF-κB --- pathogenesis --- prevention and control --- Aujeszky’s disease --- epidemiological characteristics