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I. La formation de la dett: du budget à l'endettement.- 2. L'historique de la dette de l'Etat.- 3. La dette publique en francs belges.- 4. La dette en devises.- 5. Les dettes indirectes, débudgétisées et garanties.- 6. La dette de la sécurité sociale.- 7. La dette des entités fédérées.- 8. La dette des pouvoirs locaux.- 9. La dette consolidée de l'ensemble des pouvoirs publics.

Dette publique --- Staatsschuld --- Finance, Public --- Debts, Public --- Finances publiques --- 336.3 <493> --- #A0406A --- 430.1 Openbare Financien --- dette publique --- gestion de la dette --- politique economique --- belgique --- BE / Belgium - België - Belgique --- 336.301 --- Nationale schulden. Staatsschulden. Openbare schulden. Staatslening. Staatsfondsen. Staatsbankroet--België --- openbare schuld --- schuldbeheer --- economisch beleid --- belgie --- Toestand, structuur, rentelast en evolutie van de rijksschuld. --- 336.3 <493> Nationale schulden. Staatsschulden. Openbare schulden. Staatslening. Staatsfondsen. Staatsbankroet--België --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Toestand, structuur, rentelast en evolutie van de rijksschuld --- Debts [Public] --- Belgium --- Finance [Public ] --- FINANCES PUBLIQUES --- DETTE PUBLIQUE --- DEFICIT BUDGETAIRE

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IL FAUT TUER TINA200 propositions pour rompre avec le fatalisme et changer le monde« TINA ». There Is No Alternative : il n’y a pas d’alternative.La célèbre expression de Margaret Thatcher est tout sauf vraie. Des alternatives au capitalisme et à la pensée unique néolibérale existent. Elles sont construites par des femmes et des hommes qui, partout dans le monde, se dressent contre l’injustice, les inégalités, l’oppression. Beaucoup de ces alternatives sont simples, cohérentes et, avec un peu de volonté politique, pourraient être mises en œuvre dès aujourd’hui.Prétendre que l’être humain est fondamentalement égoïste ou que le capitalisme est notre seul horizon revient à forger notre impuissance : en jetant le discrédit sur celles et ceux qui veulent changer le monde, taxés de rêveurs, d’utopistes, TINA nourrit le fatalisme, la passivité et la résignation. En effet, comment penser l’alternative et pourquoi agir si l’on part du principe que, de toute façon, « c’est foutu » et qu’on n’y pourra rien changer ?C’est le point de départ et l’objectif de ce livre : proposer un outil accessible, pratique, concret et rigoureux pour rompre avec le fatalisme ambiant et montrer que, dans tous les domaines (finance, économie, éducation, culture, démocratie, agriculture, etc.), des alternatives crédibles à la mondialisation capitaliste sont à notre portée.Cet ouvrage s’adresse aux millions de personnes indignées par les injustices et les absurdités de ce monde. À celles et ceux qui veulent construire un autre modèle, fondé sur la satisfaction des droits humains fondamentaux, le respect de l’environnement et la construction d’une véritable démocratie.L’Histoire a montré qu’il est vain d’attendre passivement que nos dirigeants servent les intérêts des populations. Ce ne sont pas le bon sens ou l’intérêt général qui mènent le monde, mais les rapports de force. Face à la puissance organisée des transnationales et de la finance, il est temps que les peuples s’organisent, prennent en main leur destin et, par l’action collective, relèvent le défi du changement. Si ce livre réussit à éveiller l’envie d’apprendre, de débattre et de passer à l’action, il aura pleinement joué son rôle.

Société Maatschappij --- Changement Verandering --- Contestation Contestatie --- Valeurs (société) Waarden (maatschappij) --- sociale actie --- 361.55 --- Debts [Government ] --- Debts [Public] --- Dette de l'État --- Dette nationale --- Dette publique --- Dette souveraine --- Dettes de l'État --- Dettes nationales --- Dettes publiques --- Dettes souveraines --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- Economic policy --- Economisch beleid --- Economische politiek --- Government debts --- Macro-economie --- Macroeconomics --- Macroéconomie --- National debts --- National planning --- Overheidsschuld --- Politiek [Economische ] --- Politique économique --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Sovereign debts --- Staatsschuld --- State planning --- État -- Dette --- Changement social --- Développement durable --- Démocratie --- Droits économiques et sociaux --- Social change --- Sustainable development --- New democracies --- Changement social. --- Développement durable. --- Démocratie. --- Droits économiques et sociaux.

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"Austerity has been at the center of political controversy following the 2008 financial crisis, invoked by politicians and academics across the political spectrum as the answer to, or cause of, our post-crash economic malaise. However, despite being the cause of debate for more than three centuries, austerity remains a poorly understood concept. In this book, Suzanne J. Konzelmann aims to demystify austerity as an economic policy, a political idea, and a social phenomenon. Beginning with an analysis of political and socioeconomic history from the seventeenth century, she explains the economics of austerity in the context of the overall dynamics of state spending, tax, and debt. Using comparative case studies from around the world, ranging from the 1930s to post-2008, she then evaluates the outcomes of austerity in light of its stated objectives and analyzes the conditions under which it doesn?t ? and occasionally does ? work. This accessible introduction to austerity will be essential reading for students and scholars of political economy, economics, and politics, as well as all readers interested in current affairs." --

Economic policy --- Economic history --- Debts, Public --- BPB9999 --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Economic conditions --- History, Economic --- Economics --- Economic nationalism --- Economic planning --- National planning --- State planning --- Planning --- National security --- Social policy --- BPB1912 --- Politique d'austérité --- Bezuinigingsbeleid --- Economic History --- politika úsporných opatření --- åtstramningspolitik --- politika úsporných opatrení --- política de austeridad --- griežto taupymo politika --- bezuinigingsbeleid --- politică de austeritate --- austerity policy --- varčevalna politika --- polityka oszczędnościowa --- política de austeridade --- политика штедње --- talouden kiristämispolitiikka --- Sparpolitik --- πολιτική λιτότητας --- politica di austerità --- kokkuhoiupoliitika --- политика по спестяванията --- politikë shtrënguese --- taupības politika --- politika ta' awsterità --- megszorító politika --- stram økonomisk politik --- политика на штедење --- politika štednje --- politique de rigueur --- takarékossági politika --- politika poduzimanja mjera štednje --- megszorító intézkedések --- tiukka talouspolitiikka --- svångremspolitik --- spaarpolitiek --- politika omezování --- politica di rigore --- úsporná opatření státu --- sparepolitik --- Austerity-Politik --- stram ekonomisk politik --- beartas déine --- Politique d'austérité

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The essays in this volume offer a state-of-the-art analysis of a heretofore somewhat neglected part of financial history: the way in which urban governments in Western Europe during the Late Middle Ages and Early Modern Times handled the public debts their cities were confronted with. The technical aspects of the sale of annuities (renten, rentes) may have already been abundantly studied, but the links with social and political history still needed to be tackled. Who bought these annuities and thus participated in sharing the burden and profits which were likely to arise from them? What were their motives? How did the obvious links with urban elites work? And, perhaps most significantly, how did these occasional sales evolve into a structural way of linking financially important private persons with public finances, in the context both of cities and of growing states, since often the cities needed the money on a short-term basis in order to accomplish their own financial obligations toward ‘the state’. Participants in the colloquium where a large number of the essays were first presented represent in the first place the urban strongholds of Europe in the period under scrutiny: the Low Countries and Northern and Central Italy, but the Swiss cities, the cities of Aragon, London and papal Rome are also considered.

History of Europe --- anno 1500-1799 --- anno 1400-1499 --- anno 1300-1399 --- Western Europe --- Colloques --- Colloquia --- Dettes --- Europe occidentale ; histoire --- Finances communales --- Gemeentefinanciën --- Schulden --- West-Europa ; geschiedenis --- Debts, Public --- Dettes publiques --- History --- Histoire --- Annuities --- Municipal finance --- Dette publique --- --Europe occidentale --- --Histoire --- --Finances communales --- --Rente --- --Colloque --- --2001 --- --Gand --- --actes --- --History --- Europe, Western --- 336.7 <09> --- 911.375 <09> --- Geschiedenis van het bankwezen --- Steden. Studie van stedelijke vestiging. Geografie van steden. Stadsgeografie--Geschiedenis van ... --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- 336.7 <09> Geschiedenis van het bankwezen --- Finance, Municipal --- Local finance --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Investments --- Pensions --- Steden. Studie van stedelijke vestiging. Geografie van steden. Stadsgeografie--Geschiedenis van .. --- Geschiedenis van Europa --- West-Europa --- --Europe de l'Ouest --- Steden. Studie van stedelijke vestiging. Geografie van steden. Stadsgeografie--Geschiedenis van . --- Steden. Studie van stedelijke vestiging. Geografie van steden. Stadsgeografie--Geschiedenis van --- Debts, Public - Europe, Western - History - Congresses --- Annuities - Europe, Western - History - Congresses --- Municipal finance - Europe, Western - History - Congresses --- Rente --- Colloque --- Europe de l'Ouest --- Gand

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This study presents the facts, arguments and scenarios around public debt from a global perspective. Especially the largest economies feature record debt and fiscal risks, including from population ageing and financial imbalances. Given low interest rates, there is no imminent problem. But at some point, debt will have to come down. There are four possible scenarios how debt could come down. First, governments could economise and reform. Second, governments could default. Third, governments could erode the real value of debt via inflation and negative real interest rates. However, this scenario cannot continue forever. Policy errors can prompt a loss of confidence, destabilisation and crisis. This fourth scenario last included the largest economies in the 1970s. It would become a major global challenge if it were to happen again in today's interconnected world.

public debt --- loss --- economic recession --- economy --- interest --- Crise économique --- Dette publique --- Pertes économiques --- Conditions économiques --- Intérêts --- intérêt --- ränta --- palūkanos --- procenti --- dobândă --- Zins --- kamata --- úrok --- τόκος --- imgħax --- intress --- obresti --- korko --- odsetki --- juro --- interes --- kamat --- камата --- interés --- rente --- интерес --- ús --- interesse --- norma e interesit --- intressimäär --- úroková sazba --- räntefot --- räntesats --- каматна стапка --- palūkanų norma --- úroková sadzba --- tipo de interés --- procentu likme --- kamatláb --- rentesats --- interest rate --- επιτόκιο --- kamatna stopa --- Zinsfuß --- úroková míra --- rata dobânzii --- taxa de juro --- Zinssatz --- rentevoet --- taux d'intérêt --- tasso d'interesse --- saggio d'interesse --- hospodářství --- économie --- икономика --- talous --- gospodarka --- geilleagar --- economia --- majandus --- hospodárstvo --- ekonomika --- economie --- Wirtschaft --- gazdaság --- økonomi --- οικονομία --- привреда --- gospodarstvo --- економија --- ekonomija --- ekonomi --- economía --- ekonomikos mokslas --- gazdálkodás --- стопанство --- економска рецесија --- rënie ekonomike --- ekonomikas lejupslīde --- recesiune economică --- Rezession --- икономическа рецесия --- ekonomikos nuosmukis --- ekonomska recesija --- economische recessie --- hospodářská recese --- gospodarska recesija --- økonomisk recession --- gazdasági recesszió --- recessione economica --- cúlú eacnamaíoch --- talouden taantuma --- récession économique --- reċessjoni ekonomika --- recession --- οικονομική ύφεση --- привредна рецесија --- recesión económica --- majanduslangus --- recesja gospodarcza --- recessão económica --- hospodárska recesia --- decelerazione della crescita economica --- økonomisk afmatning --- bankovna kriza --- criză economică --- hospodářská deprese --- krizë ekonomike --- ekonominės padėties blogėjimas --- deterioramento dell'economia --- desaceleración de la economía --- zhoršení hospodářství --- deterioração da economia --- détérioration de l'économie --- talouden laskusuhdanne --- crisi economica --- економска криза --- majanduse madalseis --- ekonomisk recession --- forringelse af økonomien --- wirtschaftliche Depression --- lågkonjunktur --- majanduse halvenemine --- gazdasági depresszió --- økonomisk depression --- depresion ekonomik --- hospodářská krize --- lama --- økonomisk krise --- hospodárska kríza --- economische crisis --- verval van de economie --- Verschlechterung der Wirtschaft --- konjunkturální krize --- crise économique --- përkeqësim i ekonomisë --- zastavení hospodářského růstu --- economic crisis --- Konjunkturkrise --- οικονομική καταστροφή --- depresión económica --- ekonominė krizė --- глобална финансиска криза --- deterioration of the economy --- cúlú eacnamaíochta --- hospodársky pokles --- økonomisk tilbagegang --- economische depressie --- ekonomska depresija --- κατάρρευση της οικονομίας --- majanduskriis --- crise económica --- gazdasági válság --- contracción económica --- lavkonjunktur --- ekonomisk kris --- οικονομική κρίση --- depressão económica --- financijska kriza --- dépression économique --- економска депресија --- ekonomický útlum --- depression --- a gazdaság hanyatlása --- depressione economica --- úpadok hospodárstva --- stagnace --- ekonominis nuosmukis --- talouskriisi --- pokles konjunktury --- crisis económica --- ekonomiskā krīze --- Rückgang der Konjunktur --- economic depression --- försämring av ekonomin --- ekonomisk depression --- Wirtschaftskrise --- επιδείνωση της οικονομίας --- ekonomska kriza --- hanyatló gazdaság --- konjunkturnedgång --- ekonomiskās situācijas pasliktināšanās --- загуба --- zaudējums --- underskott --- underskud --- ztráta --- kahjum --- дефицит --- deficyt --- pierdere --- vajaus --- strata --- déficit --- défice --- izguba --- έλλειμμα --- telf --- disavanzo --- tekort --- humbje --- Defizit --- губитак --- deficit --- nuostoliai --- caillteanas --- Fehlbetrag --- губиток --- Verlust --- gubitak --- manjak --- veszteség --- overheidsschuld --- borxhi publik --- javni dug --- fiachas poiblí --- δημόσιο χρέος --- valstybės skola --- offentlig gæld --- dívida pública --- statsskuld --- valsts parāds --- riigivõlg --- veřejný dluh --- javni dolg --- štátny dlh --- dejn pubbliku --- datorie publică --- јавен долг --- öffentliche Schulden --- јавни дуг --- обществен дълг --- deuda pública --- julkinen velka --- államadósság --- dette publique --- dług publiczny --- debito pubblico --- státní dluh --- nacionalinė skola --- државен долг --- емисија на јавниот долг --- šalies skola --- задолжување на државата --- valtion velka --- statsgæld --- valitsemissektori võlg --- öffentliche Schuld --- valdības parāds --- government debt --- амортизација на јавниот долг --- debito fluttuante --- vládní dluh --- nacionalni dug --- národný dlh --- nemzeti adósság --- datorie națională --- national debt --- valtionvelka --- vyriausybės skola --- vládny dlh --- debito redimibile --- indebitamento del settore pubblico --- вкупен обем на јавниот долг --- нето јавен долг --- titoli del debito pubblico --- avaliku sektori võlg --- borxh kombëtar --- državni dug --- datorie guvernamentală --- borxh shtetëror --- бруто јавен долг --- národní dluh --- Debts, Public. --- Fiscal policy. --- Tax policy --- Taxation --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Debts, Government --- Government debts --- National debts --- Public debt --- Public debts --- Sovereign debt --- Debt --- Bonds --- Deficit financing --- Government policy