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El Nino and the Southern Oscillation is by far the most striking phenomenon caused by the interplay of ocean and atmosphere. It can be explained neither in strictly oceanographic nor strictly meteorological terms. This volume provides a brief history of the subject, summarizes the oceanographic and meteorological observations and theories, and discusses the recent advances in computer modeling studies of the phenomenon.Key Features* Includes a comprehensive and up-to-date research survey* Discusses in detail sophisticated computer models* Provides a clear exposition

Southern oscillation. --- Global warming. --- El Niño Current. --- La Niña Current.

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This second volume in the Handai Nanophotonics book series covers the area of Nanoplasmonics, a recent hot topic in the field of nanophotonics, impacting a diverse range of research disciplines from information technology and nanotechnology to the bio- and medical sciences. The interaction between photons and metal nanostructures leads to interesting and extraordinary scientific phenomena and produces new functions for nano materials and devices. Newly discovered physical phenomena include local mode of surface plasmon polariton excited in nanoparticles, hot spots on nano-rods and nano-

Molecular physics --- Applied physical engineering --- Plasmons (Physics) --- Nanotechnology. --- Molecular technology --- Nanoscale technology --- High technology --- Plasma oscillation quanta --- Exciton theory --- Plasma oscillations --- Plasma waves --- Quasiparticles (Physics) --- Solids --- Plasma effects

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SERS was discovered in the 1970's and has since grown enormously in breadth, depth, and understanding. One of the major characteristics of SERS is its interdisciplinary nature: it lies at the boundary between physics, chemistry, colloid science, plasmonics, nanotechnology, and biology. By their very nature, it is impossible to find a textbook that will summarize the principles needed for SERS of these rather dissimilar and disconnected topics. Although a basic understanding of these topics is necessary for research projects in SERS with all its many aspects and applications, they are seldom...

Raman spectroscopy. --- Raman effect, Surface enhanced. --- Plasmons (Physics) --- Plasma oscillation quanta --- Enhanced Raman scattering --- Surface enhanced Raman effect --- Surface enhanced Raman scattering --- CARS spectroscopy --- Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy --- Spectroscopy, Raman --- Exciton theory --- Plasma oscillations --- Plasma waves --- Quasiparticles (Physics) --- Solids --- Surface chemistry --- Surfaces (Physics) --- Spectrum analysis --- Plasma effects --- Raman effect, Surface enhanced --- Raman spectroscopy --- Plasmons (Physics). --- Engineering --- Electronics

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The global financial crisis highlighted the impact on macroeconomic outcomes of recurrent events like business and financial cycles, highs and lows in volatility, and crashes and recessions. At the most basic level, such recurrent events can be summarized using binary indicators showing if the event will occur or not. These indicators are constructed either directly from data or indirectly through models. Because they are constructed, they have different properties than those arising in microeconometrics, and how one is to use them depends a lot on the method of construction.This book presents the econometric methods necessary for the successful modeling of recurrent events, providing valuable insights for policymakers, empirical researchers, and theorists. It explains why it is inherently difficult to forecast the onset of a recession in a way that provides useful guidance for active stabilization policy, with the consequence that policymakers should place more emphasis on making the economy robust to recessions. The book offers a range of econometric tools and techniques that researchers can use to measure recurrent events, summarize their properties, and evaluate how effectively economic and statistical models capture them. These methods also offer insights for developing models that are consistent with observed financial and real cycles.This book is an essential resource for students, academics, and researchers at central banks and institutions such as the International Monetary Fund.

E-books --- Economics --- Statistical methods --- Economic statistics --- Econometrics --- Statistical methods. --- Macroeconomics --- Econometrics. --- Econometric models. --- Business cycles --- Mathematical models. --- Economics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Mathematical models --- Markov switching models. --- amplitudes. --- binary states. --- bivariate series. --- business cycles. --- contraction. --- cycles financial series. --- cycles. --- dating cycles. --- dating. --- durations. --- economic activity. --- economic models. --- economic recessions. --- economy. --- event indicators. --- expansion. --- financial cycles. --- financial shocks. --- fluctuation. --- global financial crisis. --- linear autoregression. --- macroeconomy. --- microeconometrics. --- model-based rules. --- multiple series. --- oscillation. --- peaks. --- policymakers. --- prediction. --- recession. --- recurrent events. --- recurrent states. --- regression. --- statistics. --- synchronization. --- time series. --- time. --- troughs. --- univariate series. --- volatility.