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Water quality management --- Revolving funds --- Funds, Revolving --- Public enterprise funds --- Budget --- Expenditures, Public --- Government business enterprises --- Finance. --- Finance --- E-books

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Analyzing macroeconomic impacts of oil price changes requires first to investigate different sources of these changes and their distinct effects. Kilian (2009) analyzes the effects of an oil supply shock, an aggregate demand shock, and a precautionary oil demand shock. The paper's aim is to model macroeconomic consequences of these shocks within a new Keynesian DSGE framework. It models a small open economy and the rest of the world together to discover both accompanying effects of oil price changes and their international transmission mechanisms. Our results indicate that different sources of oil price fluctuations bring remarkably diverse outcomes for both economies.

Business & Economics --- Industries --- Petroleum products --- Accounting and price fluctuations. --- Prices. --- Price fluctuations and accounting --- Petroleum --- Petroleum industry and trade --- Prices --- Investments: Energy --- Inflation --- Macroeconomics --- Production and Operations Management --- Energy: Demand and Supply --- Energy: General --- Price Level --- Deflation --- Human Capital --- Skills --- Occupational Choice --- Labor Productivity --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Investment & securities --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Oil prices --- Oil --- Labor productivity --- Public enterprises --- Government business enterprises

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The fourth review of Djibouti’s economic performance under the Extended Credit Facility (ECF) arrangement highlights that the authorities maintained fiscal discipline in 2010, but fiscal performance weakened in the first months of 2011. The authorities made progress toward tackling high input costs, which hinder the development of the private sector. The Djibouti authorities remain committed to the IMF program, especially in the areas of fiscal discipline and structural reforms in tax revenue, public financial management, bank supervision, and central bank governance.

Economic development --- Djibouti --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Economic conditions. --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Statistics --- Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology --- Computer Programs: Other --- International Lending and Debt Problems --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: General --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Econometrics & economic statistics --- Public finance & taxation --- International economics --- Public ownership --- nationalization --- Arrears --- Expenditure --- Current spending --- Revenue administration --- Public enterprises --- External debt --- Financial statistics --- Economic and financial statistics --- Economic sectors --- Debts, External --- Expenditures, Public --- Finance --- Revenue --- Government business enterprises

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Macroeconomics --- Finance, Public --- Finance, Public. --- Macroeconomics. --- Public Sector --- economics. --- South Asia. --- Economics --- economics --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Public Domain --- Public Enterprise --- Domain, Public --- Domains, Public --- Enterprise, Public --- Enterprises, Public --- Public Domains --- Public Enterprises --- Public Sectors --- Sector, Public --- Sectors, Public --- Capital --- Conditions, Economic --- Consumption --- Cost of Living --- Easterlin Hypothesis --- Economic Conditions --- Economic Factors --- Economic Policies --- Economic Policy --- Economics, Home --- Factors, Economic --- Home Economics --- Household Consumption --- Macroeconomic Factors --- Microeconomic Factors --- Policies, Economic --- Policy, Economic --- Production --- Remittances --- Utility Theory --- Consumer Price Index --- Condition, Economic --- Consumer Price Indices --- Consumption, Household --- Economic Condition --- Economic Factor --- Factor, Economic --- Factor, Macroeconomic --- Factor, Microeconomic --- Factors, Macroeconomic --- Factors, Microeconomic --- Household Consumptions --- Hypothesis, Easterlin --- Index, Consumer Price --- Indices, Consumer Price --- Living Cost --- Living Costs --- Remittance --- Theories, Utility --- Theory, Utility --- Utility Theories --- Asia, South --- Indian Sub-continent --- Indian Subcontinent --- Southern Asia --- Currency question --- Asia --- Asia, Southern --- Public finances --- Economic Theory --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics.

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The boundary between the public and private sectors can be defined on the basis of ownership of institutional units. Nonmarket government-owned entities and corporations that are owned or controlled by government units belong to the public sector. “Economic ownership” is more important than majority ownership. Joint ventures, public-private partnerships, and social insurance funds (including for public employees) can be unambiguously allocated to the public or private sector on the basis of international public sector accounting standards. Boundary problems within the public sector are just as acute as those between the public and private sectors, mainly because of ambiguities in distinguishing “market” from “nonmarket” activities.

Business & Economics --- Economic Theory --- Privatization. --- Government business enterprises. --- Government ownership. --- Public goods. --- Industrial policy. --- Business --- Industries --- Industry and state --- Goods, Public --- Nationalization --- Public ownership --- Socialization of industry --- State ownership --- Nationalized companies --- Parastatals --- Public enterprises --- State-owned enterprises --- Denationalization --- Privatisation --- Government policy --- Economic policy --- Finance, Public --- Welfare economics --- Free rider problem (Economics) --- Collectivism --- Socialism --- Privatization --- Business enterprises --- Contracting out --- Corporatization --- Government ownership --- Accounting --- Corporate Finance --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Public Enterprises --- Public-Private Enterprises --- Public Administration --- Public Sector Accounting and Audits --- National Government Expenditures and Related Policies: Infrastructures --- Other Public Investment and Capital Stock --- Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise: General --- Financial Institutions and Services: General --- Civil service & public sector --- Financial reporting, financial statements --- Public finance & taxation --- nationalization --- Ownership & organization of enterprises --- Public sector --- Financial statements --- Public investment and public-private partnerships (PPP) --- Public-private sector cooperation --- Government business enterprises --- New Zealand