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Expecting a gentle baby tiger to inevitably grow up to be ferocious, a young girl growing up in a household of boys to prefer princesses to toy trucks, or that liberals and conservatives are fundamentally different kinds of people, all reflect a conceptual commitment to psychological essentialism. Psychological essentialism is a pervasive conceptual bias to think that some everyday categories reflect the real, underlying, natural structure of the world. Whereas essentialist thought can sometimes be useful, it is often problematic, particularly when people rely on essentialist thinking to understand groups of people, including those based on gender, race, ethnicity, or religion. This Volume will bring together diverse theoretical and methodological perspectives on how essentialist thinking about the social world develops in childhood and on the implications of these beliefs for children's social behavior and intergroup relations more generally. This volume draws on diverse theoretical perspectives from psychology, philosophy, and linguistics, and empirical work from experiments with children and cross-cultural studies to provide a comprehensive view of how social essentialism develops. This volume addresses the link between cognition (essentialist beliefs) and social behavior, with implications for prejudice, morality, the justice system, and inter-group relations. By drawing on a diverse evidence base, this volume addresses how beliefs emerge from the interplay among children's conceptual biases and their social experiences.

Essentialism (Philosophy) --- Essence (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Child development --- Philosophy. --- Child study --- Children --- Development, Child --- Developmental biology --- Development

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Why should inquiry be possible, only if some knowledge is required to guide it, as conventionally understood? Contrary to the conventional wisdom held by many thinkers in all human history hitherto existing, there are some fundamental dialectic principles hidden behind any categories of understanding in knowing. And these principles impose some constraints, at both methodological and ontological levels, together with other levels in culture, society, nature, and the mind - on how reality is to be understood. Furthermore, the specific categories of understanding (as conventionally understood),

Philosophy --- Theory of knowledge --- Knowledge, Theory of. --- Methodology. --- Ontology. --- Being --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Research --- Epistemology --- Psychology --- Methodology --- Humanities Methodology

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The articles in this volume discuss the relation between values and ontology, focusing on the significance of ontology for ethics and aesthetics, i.e., themes which due to the raising interest in ontology come to play a central role in contemporary philosophical debate. The contributors address the questions of whether and in which sense values can be considered to be real, whether it is possible to experience them, and in which sense we can speak about their objective validity. These topics - which were also discussed by early phenomenologists like Brentano, Meinong, Ehrenfels, proponents of

Life. --- Ontology. --- Quality of life. --- Values. --- Being --- Axiology --- Worth --- Philosophy --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Aesthetics --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Psychology --- Ethics --- Life --- Ontology --- Quality of life --- E-books --- Life, Quality of --- Economic history --- Human ecology --- Social history --- Basic needs --- Human comfort --- Social accounting --- Work-life balance

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Our current understanding of our world is nearly 350 years old. It stems from the ideas of Descartes and Newton and has brought us many great things, including modern science and increases in wealth, health and everyday living standards. Furthermore, it is so ingrained in our daily lives that we have forgotten it is a paradigm, not a fact. There are, however, some problems with it. First, there is no satisfactory explanation for why we have consciousness and experience meaning in our lives. Second, modern-day physics tells us that observations depend on characteristics of the observer at the large, cosmic, and small, subatomic scales. Third, ongoing humanitarian and environmental crises show us that our world is vastly interconnected. Our understanding of reality is expanding to incorporate these issues. In The Universe, Life and Everything . . . Dialogues on our Changing Understanding of Reality, some of the scholars at the forefront of this change, from the fields of physics, psychology, and social sciences, discuss the direction it is taking and its urgency.

Reality. --- Consciousness. --- Apperception --- Mind and body --- Perception --- Philosophy --- Psychology --- Spirit --- Self --- Truth --- Nominalism --- Pluralism --- Pragmatism --- Ontology. --- Metaphysics. --- Physics. --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Physical sciences --- Dynamics --- God --- Ontology --- Philosophy of mind --- Being --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Substance (Philosophy) --- Cognitive psychology. --- Psychology, Cognitive --- Cognitive science --- Reality, Consciousness, Meaning, Science.

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While he is widely acknowledged as the most important Russian thinker of the nineteenth century, Vladimir Soloviev's place in the landscape of world philosophy nevertheless remains uncertain. Approaching him through a single synoptic lens, this book foregrounds his unique envisioning of the interaction between humanity and the material world. By investigating the development of a single theme in his work-his idea of the "spiritualization of matter", the "task" of humanity-Smith constructs a rounded picture of Soloviev's overall importance to an understanding. If nineteenth-century thought, as well as to modern theology and philosophy. The picture that emerges is of a writer whose contribution to a Christian philosophy of matter resonates with many of the religious debates of modernity.

Matter. --- Spirit. --- Solovyov, Vladimir Sergeyevich, --- Pneuma --- Pneumatology (Philosophy) --- Pneumatology (Theology) --- Соловьев, Владимир Сергеевич, --- Solowjew, W. S., --- Solovyof, Vladimir, --- Solovyev, Vladimir, --- Solovjeff, Wladimir, --- Solovjovas, Vladimiras, --- Soloviev, Wladimir, --- Solovʹev, Vladimir Sergeevich, --- Solowiew, Wladimir, --- Solowjow, Wladimir, --- Soloviev, Vladimir, --- Solowjoff, Wladimir, --- Solovjev, Vladimir, --- Solowjew, Wladimir, --- Соловьев, Вл. --- Solovʹev, Vl. --- Соловьев, В. С. --- Solovʹev, V. S. --- So-lo-wei-yüeh-fu, --- Soloviev, Vi. Soiovʹev V., --- Soloviev, V. S., --- Solovjov, Vladimír Sergejevič, --- סאלאוויאוו, וולאדימיר סערגעיעוו, --- Solovʼëv, Vladimir, --- Szolovjov, Vlagyimir, --- Holy Spirit --- Soul --- Atoms --- Dynamics --- Gravitation --- Physics --- Substance (Philosophy)