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A multi-disciplinary team of authors analyze the economics of Brazilian deforestation using a large data set of ecological and economic variables. They survey the most up to date work in this field and present their own dynamic and spatial econometric analysis based on municipality level panel data spanning the entire Brazilian Amazon from 1970 to 1996. By observing the dynamics of land use change over such a long period the team is able to provide quantitative estimates of the long-run economic costs and benefits of both land clearing and government policies such as road building. The authors find that some government policies, such as road paving in already highly settled areas, are beneficial both for economic development and for the preservation of forest, while other policies, such as the construction of unpaved roads through virgin areas, stimulate wasteful land uses to the detriment of both economic growth and forest cover.

Deforestation. --- Deforestation --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Forestry --- Econometric models --- Economic aspects --- Brazil --- Economic policy. --- Environmental Sciences and Forestry. Forestry --- Econometric models. --- Silviculture --- Tropical Silviculture --- Business, Economy and Management --- Economics --- Tropical Silviculture. --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Extinction

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The Amazon basin is a key component of the global carbon cycle. Not only is the old-growth rainforests in the basin huge carbon storage with about 120 billion metric tons of carbon in their biomass, but they also process annually twice the rate of global anthropogenic fossil fuel emissions through respiration and photosynthesis. In addition, the basin is the largest global repository of biodiversity and produces about 20 percent of the world's flow of fresh water into the oceans.Despite the large CO2 efflux from recent deforestation, the Amazon rainforest is still considered to be a net carbon

Climatic changes -- Amazon River Region -- Forecasting -- Computer simulation. --- Deforestation -- Amazon River Region -- Computer simulation. --- Forest biomass -- Carbon content -- Amazon River Region -- Computer simulation. --- Forest microclimatology -- Amazon River Region -- Computer simulation. --- Rain forest plants -- Climatic factors -- Amazon River Region -- Computer simulation. --- Forest microclimatology --- Climatic changes --- Forest biomass --- Rain forest plants --- Deforestation --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Forestry --- Computer simulation --- Forecasting --- Carbon content --- Climatic factors --- Computer simulation. --- Tropical rain forest plants --- Climate and forests --- Forests and climate --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- Changes, Climatic --- Climate change --- Climate changes --- Climate variations --- Climatic change --- Climatic fluctuations --- Climatic variations --- Global climate changes --- Global climatic changes --- Environmental aspects --- Forest plants --- Cloud forest plants --- Forest ecology --- Forest influences --- Microclimatology --- Vegetation and climate --- Forest meteorology --- Biomass --- Forests and forestry --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Climatology --- Climate change mitigation --- Teleconnections (Climatology) --- Extinction --- Changes in climate --- Climate change science --- Global environmental change

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The Congo Basin forests have been mainly ""passively"" protected by chronic political instability and conflict, poor infrastructure, and poor governance. Congo Basin countries thus still fit the profile of high forest cover/ low deforestation (HFLD) countries. However, there are signs that Congo Basin forests are under increasing pressure from a variety of sources, including mineral extraction, road development, agribusiness, and biofuels, in addition to subsistence agricultural expansion and charcoal collection.Congo Basin countries are now at a crossroad - they are not yet locked into a deve

Deforestation -- Economic aspects -- Africa, Central. --- Economic development -- Africa, Central. --- Forest degradation -- Africa, Central. --- Forest protection -- Africa, Central. --- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Program). --- Deforestation --- Forest protection --- Forest degradation --- Economic development --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Forestry --- Economic aspects --- Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (Program) --- Development, Economic --- Economic growth --- Growth, Economic --- Degradation, Forest --- Degraded forests --- Protection of forests --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) --- REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) --- UN-REDD (Program) --- United Nations Collaborative Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation in Developing Countries --- Reducción de Emisiones para Deforestación y Degradación (Program) --- Réduction des émissions liées à la déforestation et à la dégradation des forêts (Program) --- Mpango wa Kupunguza Uzalishaji wa Hewa ya Ukaa Kutokana na Ukataji na Uharibifu wa Misitu --- MKUHUMI (Mpango wa Kupunguza Uzalishaji wa Hewa ya Ukaa Kutokana na Ukataji na Uharibifu wa Misitu) --- Economic policy --- Economics --- Statics and dynamics (Social sciences) --- Development economics --- Resource curse --- Environmental degradation --- Forest conservation --- Forest management --- Plants, Protection of --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Control --- Extinction --- Programa ONU-REDD

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"In the Qing period (1644-1912), China's population tripled, and the flurry of new development generated unprecedented demand for timber. Standard environmental histories have often depicted this as an era of reckless deforestation, akin to the resource misuse that devastated European forests at the same time. This comprehensive new study shows that the reality was more complex: as old-growth forests were cut down, new economic arrangements emerged to develop renewable timber resources. Historian Meng Zhang traces the trade routes that connected population centers of the Lower Yangzi Delta to timber supplies on China's southwestern frontier. She documents innovative property rights systems and economic incentives that convinced landowners to invest years in growing trees. Delving into rare archives to reconstruct business histories, she considers both the formal legal mechanisms and the informal interactions that helped balance economic profit with environmental management. Of driving concern were questions of sustainability: How to maintain a reliable source of timber across decades and centuries? And how to sustain a business network across a thousand miles? This carefully constructed study makes a major contribution to Chinese economic and environmental history and to world-historical discourses on resource management, early modern commercialization, and sustainable development"--

Timber. --- Sustainable development. --- Qing Dynasty (China) --- Deforestation. --- Sustainable development --- Deforestation --- Timber --- Timber trade --- History --- China. --- Development, Sustainable --- Ecologically sustainable development --- Economic development, Sustainable --- Economic sustainability --- ESD (Ecologically sustainable development) --- Smart growth --- Sustainable economic development --- Economic development --- Forest production --- Building materials --- Forest products --- Lumber trade --- Forests and forestry --- Lumber --- Tree farms --- Trees --- Wood --- Conversion, Forest --- Depletion of forests --- Disforestation --- Forest conversion --- Forest depletion --- Forest-land conversion --- Clearing of land --- Forest fires --- Plants --- Environmental aspects --- Extinction --- Cina --- Kinë --- Cathay --- Chinese National Government --- Chung-kuo kuo min cheng fu --- Republic of China (1912-1949) --- Kuo min cheng fu (China : 1912-1949) --- Chung-hua min kuo (1912-1949) --- Kina (China) --- National Government (1912-1949) --- China (Republic : 1912-1949) --- People's Republic of China --- Chinese People's Republic --- Chung-hua jen min kung ho kuo --- Central People's Government of Communist China --- Chung yang jen min cheng fu --- Chung-hua chung yang jen min kung ho kuo --- Central Government of the People's Republic of China --- Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo --- Zhong hua ren min gong he guo --- Kitaĭskai︠a︡ Narodnai︠a︡ Respublika --- Činská lidová republika --- RRT --- Republik Rakjat Tiongkok --- KNR --- Kytaĭsʹka Narodna Respublika --- Jumhūriyat al-Ṣīn al-Shaʻbīyah --- RRC --- Kitaĭ --- Kínai Népköztársaság --- Chūka Jinmin Kyōwakoku --- Erets Sin --- Sin --- Sāthāranarat Prachāchon Čhīn --- P.R. China --- PR China --- PRC --- P.R.C. --- Chung-kuo --- Zhongguo --- Zhonghuaminguo (1912-1949) --- Zhong guo --- Chine --- République Populaire de Chine --- República Popular China --- Catay --- VR China --- VRChina --- 中國 --- 中国 --- 中华人民共和国 --- Jhongguó --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaxu Dundadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gu̇de Nayiramdaqu Dumdadu Arad Ulus --- Bu̇gd Naĭramdakh Dundad Ard Uls --- BNKhAU --- БНХАУ --- Khi︠a︡tad --- Kitad --- Dumdadu Ulus --- Dumdad Uls --- Думдад Улс --- Kitajska --- China (Republic : 1949- ) --- S04/0680 --- S10/0525 --- S20/0900 --- China: History--Qing: general: 1644 - 1912 --- China: Economics, industry and commerce--Rural industry --- China: Agriculture forestry, fishery, natural disasters--Forestry: general and before 1949 --- Bois --- Conservation des ressources naturelles --- Développement durable --- Industrie et commerce --- Histoire --- Lumber industry --- Timber industry --- Forest products industry --- Lumbering --- 1949 --- -BNKhAU --- China --- Chung-hua min kuo --- Jhonggu --- Khi͡atad --- Kin --- Kita --- Kitaĭskai͡a Narodnai͡a Respublika --- National Government --- Republic --- Republic of China --- Zhonghuaminguo