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For the popes it was inevitable to maintain relations with the Arab-Muslim world, of course eastern - Egypt and the Middle East - but also Western - Spain and the Maghreb. Thus in 1199, Innocent III addressed himself to the "Miramolin, king of Morocco". Some two hundred and one letters, written during the 13th and 14th centuries, mostly recorded in the registers of the Vatican Secret Archives, help to clarify the position of the Holy See vis-a -vis the Maghreb. In order to carry out their policy and to maintain ties with the faithful, the Popes wrote to the Christian or Muslim sovereigns, sent messengers across the Mediterranean Sea, encouraged the works of the brothers in this part of the world, A bishopric in Marrakesh. They regularly supported attempts to expand Christianity in North Africa, but this was not their only concern. They also cared about the Christians who lived in the Maghreb, whether they were merchants, mercenaries or captives. The papacy had to reconcile these two aspects and had to adapt to the reality of the life of these communities in the land of Islam. Clara Maillard at the MSH of Nantes on December 8, 2011, her thesis in medieval history entitled "Popes and Maghreb in the XIIIth and XIVth centuries, study of apostolic letters from 1199 to 1419", under the direction of John Tolan , Professor at the University of Nantes. She worked with the RELMIN project in 2014 as a post-doctoral student on the pontifical letters concerning Christians who lived in the Maghreb.

Brieven [Pauselijke ] --- Letters [Papal ] --- Lettres apostoliques --- Lettres papales --- Lettres pontificales --- Papal letters --- Papes -- Lettres --- Pauselijke brieven --- Christianity and other religions --- Islam --- Christianisme --- Relations --- Christianity --- Africa, North --- Afrique du Nord --- History --- Histoire --- Papst. --- Islam. --- Christentum. --- Letters, Papal --- Church history --- Christianity. --- Middle Ages. --- Catholic Church --- Catholic Church. --- Maghreb. --- Church history. --- Maghreb --- Église catholique --- Catholic church --- Décrétales --- Église --- Afrique du nord --- Histoire religieuse --- To 1500 --- Africa [North ] --- 647-1517 --- Foreign relations --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Papal documents --- Bibliography --- Eglise --- Middle Ages, 500-1500 --- Letters, Papal - History - To 1500 --- Church history - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Christianity and other religions - Islam --- Décrétales - Histoire - Jusqu'à 1500 --- Eglise - Histoire - 600-1500 (Moyen Age) --- Christianisme - Relations - Islam --- Africa, North - Church history --- Africa, North - History - 647-1517 --- Afrique du nord - Histoire religieuse --- Afrique du nord - Histoire - 647-1517

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The landscapes of the Middle East have captured our imaginations throughout history. Images of endless golden dunes, camel caravans, isolated desert oases, and rivers lined with palm trees have often framed written and visual representations of the region. Embedded in these portrayals is the common belief that the environment, in most places, has been deforested and desertified by centuries of misuse. It is precisely such orientalist environmental imaginaries, increasingly undermined by contemporary ecological data, that the eleven authors in this volume question. This is the first volume to

Human ecology --- History --- Middle East --- Africa, North --- Great Britain --- France --- Environmental conditions --- Historiography --- Foreign public opinion, British --- Foreign public opinion, French --- Colonies --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- History. --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- Asia, South West --- Asia, Southwest --- Asia, West --- Asia, Western --- East (Middle East) --- Eastern Mediterranean --- Fertile Crescent --- Levant --- Mediterranean Region, Eastern --- Mideast --- Near East --- Northern Tier (Middle East) --- South West Asia --- Southwest Asia --- West Asia --- Western Asia --- Orient --- Barbary States --- Maghreb --- Maghrib --- North Africa --- Foreign public opinion, French. --- Foreign public opinion, British. --- Historiography. --- Environmental conditions. --- Human ecology - Middle East - History --- Human ecology - Africa, North - History --- Middle East - Environmental conditions --- Africa, North - Environmental conditions --- Middle East - Environmental conditions - Historiography --- Africa, North - Environmental conditions - Historiography --- Middle East - Foreign public opinion, British --- Middle East - Foreign public opinion, French --- Great Britain - Colonies - History --- France - Colonies - History