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Following Fernand Braudel's Méditerranée, historians interpreted the Mediterranean, Baltic, Atlantic, Indian Ocean or Pacific as closed maritime systems, consisting of multiple micro-environments. This essay seeks to overcome these limited perspectives and to examine, how the various seas and oceans were connected by the Vikings, the Cairo Genizah merchants and the Italian trading companies of the Middle Ages. The second part of my article "Connected Seas" examines the perception and memory of the seas as an element of maritime connectivity. It introduces the concept of realm of memory (lieu de mémoire) into maritime history and tests it in four case studies on the Sound, the Straits of Gibraltar, the Dardanelles and the Straits of Malacca.

Vikings.

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This book discusses the 3rd-11th century developments that led to the formation of the three Scandinavian kingdoms in the Viking Age. Wide-ranging studies of communication routes, regional identities, judicial territories, and royal sites and graves trace a complex trajectory of rulership in these pagan Germanic societies. In the final section, new light is shed on the pinnacle and demise of the Norwegian kingdom in the 13th-14th centuries. This book seeks to revitalise the somewhat stagnant scholarly debate on Germanic rulership in the first millennium AD. A series of comprehensive chapters combines literary evidence on Scandinavia's polities, kings, and other rulers with archaeological, documentary, toponymical, and linguistic evidence. The picture that emerges is one of surprisingly stable rulership institutions, sites, and myths, while control of them was contested between individuals, dynasties, and polities. While in the early centuries, Scandinavia was integrated in Germanic Europe, profound societal and cultural changes in 6th-century Scandinavia and the Christianisation of Continental and English kingdoms set northern kingship on a different path. The pagan heroic warrior ethos, essential to kingship, was developed and refined; only to recur overseas embodied in 9th-10th-century Vikings. Three chapters on a hitherto unknown masonry royal manor at Avaldsnes in western Norway, excavated 2017, concludes this volume with discussions of the late-medieval peak of Norwegian kingship and it's eventual downfall in the late 14th century. This book's discussions and results are relevant to all scholars and students of 1st-millenium Germanic kingship, polities, and societies.

Ancient history: to c 500 CE --- Philosophy: aesthetics --- Vikings --- History. --- Scandinavia --- Avaldsnes (Norway) --- History --- Early kingship. --- Germanic societies. --- Iron and Viking Age Scandinavia. --- Northmen

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Kopenhagen 1723. Der norwegische Amtmann Povel Juel soll Peter dem Großen angetragen haben, eine russische Kolonie auf Grönland zu errichten. Auf dem Weg dorthin wollte er Island, die Färöer und Norwegen erobern - mithin Erblande des dänischen Königs. Ein verwegener Hochverrat, der das Machtgefüge im Norden Europas durcheinandergewirbelt hätte, wäre der Plan nicht ans Licht gekommen. So aber ließ der König seinen Amtmann grausam hinrichten. Martin Schaad unterzieht die Prozessakten einer Revision und versucht damit Povel Juel zu rehabilitieren. Ein mikrohistorischer Streifzug durch die Geschichte des Strafrechts, der Wikinger, der Navigation, der Kartographie, des Klimas und des bargeldlosen Zahlungsverkehrs. »Die Forschungsleistung verdient hohe Anerkennung, die Interpretation nötigt Respekt ab, ohne dass man sie in der Essenz teilen muss.« Otto Ulbricht, H-Soz-u-Kult, 20.10.2020

Cartography. --- Climate. --- Copenhagen. --- Criminal Law. --- Cultural History. --- Denmark. --- Dänemark. --- Early Modern History. --- European History. --- Europäische Geschichte. --- Geschichte der Frühen Neuzeit. --- Geschichtstheorie. --- Geschichtswissenschaft. --- Greenland. --- Grönland. --- History. --- Hochverrat. --- Kartographie. --- Klima. --- Kopenhagen. --- Kulturgeschichte. --- Law. --- Navigation. --- Peter der Große. --- Peter the Great. --- Politics. --- Politik. --- Prozessakten. --- Recht. --- Russia. --- Russland. --- Strafrecht. --- Theory of History. --- Treasonous. --- Vikings. --- Wikinger. --- Zahlungsverkehr. --- HISTORY / Europe / General. --- Frühe Neuzeit; Dänemark; Grönland; Russland; Hochverrat; Peter der Große; Kopenhagen; Wikinger; Navigation; Kartographie; Klima; Zahlungsverkehr; Prozessakten; Strafrecht; Politik; Kulturgeschichte; Recht; Europäische Geschichte; Geschichte der Frühen Neuzeit; Geschichtstheorie; Geschichtswissenschaft; Early Modernity; Denmark; Greenland; Russia; Treasonous; Peter the Great; Copenhagen; Vikings; Cartography; Climate; Criminal Law; Politics; Cultural History; Law; European History; Early Modern History; Theory of History; History --- Juel, Povel, --- Juel, Povl, --- Juel, Poul, --- Juul, Povel,