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Explanations for sound change have traditionally focused on identifying the inception of change, that is, the identification of perturbations of the speech signal, conditioned by physiological constraints on articulatory and/or auditory mechanisms, which affect the way speech sounds are analyzed by the listener. While this emphasis on identifying the nature of intrinsic variation in speech has provided important insights into the origins of widely attested cross-linguistic sound changes, the nature of phonologization - the transition from intrinsic phonetic variation to extrinsic phonological encoding - remains largely unexplored. This volume showcases the current state of the art in phonologization research, bringing together work by leading scholars in sound change research from different disciplinary and scholarly traditions. The authors investigate the progression of sound change from the perspectives of speech perception, speech production, phonology, sociolinguistics, language acquisition, psycholinguistics, computer science, statistics, and social and cognitive psychology. The book highlights the fruitfulness of collaborative efforts among phonologists and specialists from neighbouring disciplines in seeking unified theoretical explanations for the origins of sound patterns in language, as well as improved syntheses of synchronic and diachronic phonology.

Phonetics --- Phonologie --- Changement linguistique --- Grammar, Comparative and general --- Linguistic change. --- Phonology. --- Klankverschuiving. --- Phonologie. --- Change, Linguistic --- Language change --- Historical linguistics --- Language and languages --- Phonology --- Linguistics --- Philology --- Grammar, Comparative and general Phonology

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How human communities interpret what they perceive in the sky is vital in fulfilling humankind’s most basic need to comprehend the universe it inhabits, both from a modern scientific perspective and from countless other cultural standpoints, extending right back to early prehistory. Archaeoastronomy, which is concerned with cultural perceptions and understandings of astronomical phenomena, is a rich cross-disciplinary field. The central aim of “Handbook of Archaeoastronomy” is to provide a reliable source for theory, method, interpretation and best practices that will give a definitive picture of the state of the art research in this field for serious scholars regardless of the discipline(s) in which they are qualified. It will be equally suitable for those already contributing to the field and those interested in entering it. Also included are studies in ethnoastronomy, which is concerned with contemporary practices related to astronomy, particularly among modern indigenous societies. A major part of this MRW is comprised of a set of wide-ranging archaeoastronomical case studies both geographically and through time, stretching right back to Palaeolithic days, and also in terms of the types of human society and nature of their astronomical ideas and practices. However, these are chosen in order to best illuminate broader issues and themes, rather than to attempt, for example, to provide systematic coverage of recent ‘discoveries.’ Thematic articles cover general themes such as cosmologies, calendars, navigation, orientations and alignments, and ancient perceptions of space and time. They also highlight various aspects of the social context of astronomy (its relationship to social power, warfare, etc) and how we interpret astronomical practices within the framework of conceptual approaches. There are also discussions of broad issues such as ethnocentrism, nationalism, and astronomical dating. The “methods and practices” articles cover topics from field methodology and survey procedures to social theory, as well as providing broad definitions and explanations of key concepts. We are also including a number of “disciplinary perspectives” on approaches to archaeoastronomy written by leading figures in the constituent fields. These articles cover material that, generally speaking, would be familiar to graduates in the relevant discipline but, critically, not so to those with different backgrounds.

Physics. --- Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology. --- Archaeology. --- Regional and Cultural Studies. --- Human Geography. --- History and Philosophical Foundations of Physics. --- Astronomy. --- Regional planning. --- Physique --- Astronomie --- Aménagement du territoire --- Archéologie --- Archaeoastronomy --- Ethnoastronomy --- Astronomy & Astrophysics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Astronomy - General --- Astrophysics --- Cultural astronomy --- Folk astronomy --- Indigenous peoples --- Native astronomy --- Archeoastronomy --- Astroarchaeology --- Astronomy, Prehistoric --- Prehistoric astronomy --- Astronomy --- Culture --- Astrophysics. --- Cosmology. --- Human geography. --- Study and teaching. --- Anthropo-geography --- Anthropogeography --- Geographical distribution of humans --- Social geography --- Anthropology --- Geography --- Human ecology --- Archeology --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Antiquities --- Deism --- Metaphysics --- Astronomical physics --- Cosmic physics --- Physics --- Physical sciences --- Space sciences --- Cultural studies --- Natural philosophy --- Philosophy, Natural --- Dynamics --- Culture-Study and teaching. --- Culture—Study and teaching. --- Ethnology. --- Culture. --- Astronomy, Cosmology and Space Sciences. --- Regional Cultural Studies. --- Philosophical Foundations of Physics and Astronomy. --- Philosophy. --- Cultural sociology --- Sociology of culture --- Civilization --- Popular culture --- Cultural anthropology --- Ethnography --- Races of man --- Social anthropology --- Human beings --- Social aspects

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P.C.L.Dekker --- wiskunde --- logaritmen --- grafieken --- integraalrekening --- 51 --- 510.3 --- Wiskunde --- Wiskunde-grafiek --- Wiskunde-integraalrekening --- Wiskunde-logaritmen --- wiskunde: handboeken --- Inleidingen - Hand- en leerboeken Wiskunde --- (zie ook: realistische wiskunde)

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The recent trend in user-customized product design requires the shape of products to be automatically adjusted according to the human body’s shape, so that people will feel more comfortable when wearing these products.  Geometric approaches can be used to design the freeform shape of products worn by people, which can greatly improve the efficiency of design processes in various industries involving customized products (e.g., garment design, toy design, jewel design, shoe design, and design of medical devices, etc.). These products are usually composed of very complex geometric shapes (represented by free-form surfaces), and are not driven by a parameter table but a digital human model with free-form shapes or part of human bodies (e.g., wrist, foot, and head models).   Geometric Modeling and Reasoning of Human-Centered Freeform Products introduces the algorithms of human body reconstruction, freeform product modeling, constraining and reconstructing freeform products, and shape optimization for improving the manufacturability of freeform products. Based on these techniques, the design automation problem for human-centered freeform products can be fundamentally solved.   Researchers and developers working on problems of automatic designing  individually customized products can use this book as a reference, and it can also be used in courses in computer-aided product design at the graduate level.

Human anatomy. --- Human body. --- Medicine. --- Consumer goods --- Product design --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Commerce --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Business & Economics --- Commerce - General --- Civil Engineering --- Computer-aided design --- Product design. --- Computer-aided design. --- Commercial products --- New products --- Consumer products --- Consumers' goods --- Goods, Consumer --- Design and construction --- Engineering. --- Marketing. --- Bioinformatics. --- Computational biology. --- Engineering design. --- Engineering economics. --- Engineering economy. --- Biomedical engineering. --- Engineering Design. --- Engineering Economics, Organization, Logistics, Marketing. --- Computer Appl. in Life Sciences. --- Biomedical Engineering. --- Industrial design --- Biology --- Biomedical Engineering and Bioengineering. --- Data processing. --- Clinical engineering --- Medical engineering --- Bioengineering --- Biophysics --- Engineering --- Medicine --- Domestic marketing --- Retail marketing --- Retail trade --- Industrial management --- Aftermarkets --- Selling --- Economy, Engineering --- Engineering economics --- Industrial engineering --- Design, Engineering --- Strains and stresses --- Marketing --- Design --- Bioinformatics . --- Computational biology . --- Bioinformatics --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Data processing

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What biological factors make human communication possible? How do we process and understand language? How does brain damage affect these mechanisms, and what can this tell us about how language is organized in the brain? The field of neurolinguistics seeks to answer these questions, which are crucial to linguistics, psychology and speech pathology alike. This textbook, first published in 2007, introduces the central topics in neurolinguistics: speech recognition, word and sentence structure, meaning, and discourse - in both 'normal' speakers and those with language disorders. It moves on to provide a balanced discussion of key areas of debate such as modularity and the 'language areas' of the brain, 'connectionist' versus 'symbolic' modelling of language processing, and the nature of linguistic and mental representations. Making accessible over half a century of scientific and linguistic research, and containing extensive study questions, it will be welcomed by all those interested in the relationship between language and the brain.

Neurolinguistics --- Speech perception --- Aphasia --- Human information processing --- Etiolog --- 800 --- 800 Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek --- Taalwetenschap. Taalkunde. Linguistiek --- Speech recognition --- Auditory perception --- Psycholinguistics --- Speech --- Neuro-linguistics --- Biolinguistics --- Higher nervous activity --- Neuropsychology --- Information processing, Human --- Bionics --- Information theory in psychology --- Perception --- Brain --- Language disorders --- Speech disorders --- Etiology --- Diseases --- Pragmatics --- Neurolinguistics. --- Speech perception. --- Human information processing. --- Etiology. --- Neurolinguistique --- Perception de la parole --- Aphasie --- Information, Traitement de l', chez l'homme --- Etiologie --- Psycholinguistics. --- Language, Psychology of --- Language and languages --- Psychology of language --- Linguistics --- Psychology --- Thought and thinking --- Psychological aspects --- Arts and Humanities --- Language & Linguistics --- Aphasia - Etiology --- Aphasia - Etiolog --- Langage --- Processus cognitif --- Audition --- trouble