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The rehearsal for the March to the Sea. With the fall of Vicksburg to Union forces in mid-1863, the Federals began work to extend and consolidate their hold on the lower Mississippi Valley. As a part of this plan, Major General William Tecumseh Sherman set out from Vicksburg on February 3, 1864, with an army of some 25,000 infantry and a battalion of cavalry. They expected to be joined by another Union force moving south from Memphis and supported themselves off the land as they traveled due east across Mississippi. She

Strategy --- Military strategy --- Military art and science --- Military doctrine --- Sherman, William T. --- Sherman, W. T. --- Sherman, William Tecumseh, --- Sherman, Wm. T. --- Military leadership. --- United States --- Meridian (Miss.) --- Mississippi --- State of Mississippi --- Missisipi --- Місісіпі --- Misisipi --- Штат Місісіпі --- Shtat Misisipi --- Мисисипи --- Щат Мисисипи --- Mísísípii Hahoodzo --- Mississippi osariik --- Μισισιπι --- Πολιτεία του Μισισίπι --- Politeia tou Misisipi --- Estado de Misisipi --- Misisipio --- État du Mississippi --- Mississippy --- 미시시피 주 --- Misisipʻi-ju --- 미시시피 --- Mikikipi --- מיסיסיפי --- מדינת מיסיסיפי --- Medinat Misisipi --- US-MS --- MS (State : Mississippi) --- MI (State : Mississippi) --- Miss. --- Meridian, Miss. --- History --- Campaigns. --- History, Military

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In We Had Sneakers, They Had Guns, Sugarman chronicles the sacrifices, tragedies, and triumphs of that unprecedented moment in our nation's history. Two white students and one black student were slain in the struggle, many were beaten and hundreds arrested, and churches and homes were burned to the ground by the opponents of equality. Yet the example of Freedom Summer- whites united with heroic black Mississippians to challenge apartheid-resonated across the nation. The United States Congress was finally moved to pass the civil rights legislation that enfranchised the millions of black Americans who had been waiting for equal rights for a century. Blending oral history with memoir, this draws the reader into the lives of Sugarman's subjects, showing the passion and naivete of the volunteers, the bravery of the civil rights leaders, and the candid, sometimes troubling reactions of the black and white Delta residents. Sugarman's unique reportorial art, in word and image, makes this book a vital record of our nation's past.

African Americans --- Civil rights workers --- Civil rights movements --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Civil rights activists --- Race relations reformers --- Social reformers --- Civil rights --- History --- Sugarman, Tracy, --- Mississippi --- State of Mississippi --- Missisipi --- Місісіпі --- Misisipi --- Штат Місісіпі --- Shtat Misisipi --- Мисисипи --- Щат Мисисипи --- Mísísípii Hahoodzo --- Mississippi osariik --- Μισισιπι --- Πολιτεία του Μισισίπι --- Politeia tou Misisipi --- Estado de Misisipi --- Misisipio --- État du Mississippi --- Mississippy --- 미시시피 주 --- Misisipʻi-ju --- 미시시피 --- Mikikipi --- מיסיסיפי --- מדינת מיסיסיפי --- Medinat Misisipi --- US-MS --- MS (State : Mississippi) --- MI (State : Mississippi) --- Miss. --- Race relations --- 20th century --- Biography --- Sugarman, Tracy --- Black people

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The South's system of Jim Crow racial oppression is usually understood in terms of legal segregation that mandated the separation of white and black Americans. Yet, as this work shows, it was also a high-stakes drama that played out in the routines of everyday life, where blacks and whites regularly interacted on sidewalks and buses and in businesses and homes. Every day, individuals made, unmade, and remade Jim Crow in how they played their racial roles-how they moved, talked, even gestured. The highly visible but often subtle nature of these interactions constituted the Jim Crow routine.

African Americans --- Racism --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- Bias, Racial --- Race bias --- Race prejudice --- Racial bias --- Prejudices --- Anti-racism --- Critical race theory --- Race relations --- Social life and customs --- History --- Mississippi --- State of Mississippi --- Missisipi --- Місісіпі --- Misisipi --- Штат Місісіпі --- Shtat Misisipi --- Мисисипи --- Щат Мисисипи --- Mísísípii Hahoodzo --- Mississippi osariik --- Μισισιπι --- Πολιτεία του Μισισίπι --- Politeia tou Misisipi --- Estado de Misisipi --- Misisipio --- État du Mississippi --- Mississippy --- 미시시피 주 --- Misisipʻi-ju --- 미시시피 --- Mikikipi --- מיסיסיפי --- מדינת מיסיסיפי --- Medinat Misisipi --- US-MS --- MS (State : Mississippi) --- MI (State : Mississippi) --- Miss. --- Black people

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In the years immediately following the Civil War--the formative years for an emerging society of freed African Americans in Mississippi--there was much debate over the general purpose of black schools and who would control them. From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse is the first comprehensive examination of Mississippi's politics and policies of postwar racial education. The primary debate centered on whether schools for African Americans (mostly freedpeople) should seek to develop blacks as citizens, train them to be free but subordinate laborers, or produce some other outcome. Afri

Education and state --- Education --- Freedmen --- African Americans --- Education policy --- Educational policy --- State and education --- Social policy --- Endowment of research --- Children --- Education, Primitive --- Education of children --- Human resource development --- Instruction --- Pedagogy --- Schooling --- Students --- Youth --- Civilization --- Learning and scholarship --- Mental discipline --- Schools --- Teaching --- Training --- Ex-slaves --- Freed slaves --- Slaves --- Afro-Americans --- Black Americans --- Colored people (United States) --- Negroes --- Africans --- Ethnology --- Blacks --- History --- History. --- Government policy --- Mississippi --- State of Mississippi --- Missisipi --- Місісіпі --- Misisipi --- Штат Місісіпі --- Shtat Misisipi --- Мисисипи --- Щат Мисисипи --- Mísísípii Hahoodzo --- Mississippi osariik --- Μισισιπι --- Πολιτεία του Μισισίπι --- Politeia tou Misisipi --- Estado de Misisipi --- Misisipio --- État du Mississippi --- Mississippy --- 미시시피 주 --- Misisipʻi-ju --- 미시시피 --- Mikikipi --- מיסיסיפי --- מדינת מיסיסיפי --- Medinat Misisipi --- US-MS --- MS (State : Mississippi) --- MI (State : Mississippi) --- Miss. --- Politics and government --- Race relations --- Freedpersons --- Black people --- Ex-enslaved persons --- Freed enslaved persons --- Enslaved persons --- Freed persons

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"When the Choctaws were removed from their Mississippi homeland to Indian Territory in 1830, several thousand remained behind, planning to take advantage of Article 14 in the removal treaty, which promised that any Choctaws who wished to remain in Mississippi could apply for allotments of land. When the remaining Choctaws applied for their allotments, however, the government reneged, and the Choctaws were left dispossessed and impoverished. Thus begins the history of the Mississippi Choctaws as a distinct people. Despite overwhelming poverty and significant racial prejudice in the rural South, the Mississippi Choctaws managed, over the course of a century and a half, to maintain their ethnic identity, persuade the Office of Indian Affairs to provide them with services and lands, create a functioning tribal government, and establish a prosperous and stable reservation economy. The Choctaws' struggle against segregation in the 1950's and 1960's is an overlooked story of the civil rights movement, and this study of white supremacist support for Choctaw tribalism considerably complicates our understanding of southern history. Choctaw Resurgence in Mississippi traces the Choctaw's remarkable tribal rebirth, attributing it to their sustained political and social activism. "--

HISTORY / United States / State & Local / South (AL, AR, FL, GA, KY, LA, MS, NC, SC, TN, VA, WV). --- HISTORY / Native American. --- SOCIAL SCIENCE / Ethnic Studies / Native American Studies. --- Self-determination, National --- Choctaw Indians --- Five Civilized Tribes --- Indians of North America --- Muskogean Indians --- National self-determination --- Nationalism --- Nation-state --- Nationalities, Principle of --- Sovereignty --- Civil rights --- Government relations. --- History. --- Mississippi --- State of Mississippi --- Missisipi --- Місісіпі --- Misisipi --- Штат Місісіпі --- Shtat Misisipi --- Мисисипи --- Щат Мисисипи --- Mísísípii Hahoodzo --- Mississippi osariik --- Μισισιπι --- Πολιτεία του Μισισίπι --- Politeia tou Misisipi --- Estado de Misisipi --- Misisipio --- État du Mississippi --- Mississippy --- 미시시피 주 --- Misisipʻi-ju --- 미시시피 --- Mikikipi --- מיסיסיפי --- מדינת מיסיסיפי --- Medinat Misisipi --- US-MS --- MS (State : Mississippi) --- MI (State : Mississippi) --- Miss. --- Social conditions. --- Politics and government. --- Race relations. --- Goverment relations.