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Nobility

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The research analyzes the network of the Ragusan Jews between the end of 16th and the begin of 17th century. It focalized the social and economic links of the Sephardic group as "trait d'union" of the Adriatic-Balkan trade networks. The research is focused on time frame 1585-1635 in chronological continuity to the studies of Alberto Tenenti, indeed he was the first scholar to draw the attention to the turning point of the trade structure in the Republic of Ragusa in the year 1590 because the arise of the Sephardic merchants.

Nobility.

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In the 14th and 15th centuries the Counts of Arco, settled immediately north of Lake Garda, played an important 'hinge function', linking politically now with the powers of the strong Italian cities. The Counts of Arco had close cultural and political relations especially with Brescia and Verona.

Feudalism. --- Nobility

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Zur zentralen Thematik des Münchener Kolloquiums über "Adel und Bürgertum in Deutschland 1770 - 1848" zählten Untersuchungen zu den gesellschaftlichen Misch- und Kontaktzonen, in denen sich die Trennlinien zwischen Adel und Bürgertum verwischten resp. verfestigten. Das Haupinteresse richtete sich dabei auf den Adel im Süden und Westen Deutschlands, wo die Verbürgerlichung der Gesellschaft sehr viel bessere Chancen besaß als in Altpreußen und in der Habsburgermonarchie. Zu fragen war vor allem: Gab es in den Umbruchs- und Aufbruchsphasen zwischen 1770 und 1848 eine bürgerliche (und bürokratische) Herausforderung des Adels, die eher die Grenzen als die Möglichkeiten der Anpassung im Wandel erkennen ließ? Oder war die adelig-bürgerliche Elitenbildung schon vor 1848 Programm wie Realität? Wie wirklichkeitsnah oder -fern war die liberale Zielvorstellung, mit der eine Einbürgerung des Adels, seine Integration in die bürgerlich-staatsbürgerliche Gesellschaft und seine Einschmelzung in den "allgemeinen Stand" des Bürgertums erwartet wurde? Welchen Stellenwert hatte in diesem Zusammenhang die Adelskrise vor und in der Revolution von 1848?

Nobility --- Middle class --- History

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Ippolito II d'Este (1509-1572), cardinal and prince of Ferrara, played a crucial role in shaping the political and cultural connections between Italy and France. Seen by his contemporaries as staunchly 'French', his life rather followed a difficult balance between the political and spatial entities - Rome, Paris, and Ferrara - through which he continuously moved and from which he derived his power. Following his career as cardinal protector of the Valois crown, royal administrator of Siena on behalf of Henry II, and papal legate to France on the eve of the Wars of Religion, this book argues that Ippolito's apparent diplomatic access ultimately weakened his family's position in Italy and left it ill-equipped to compete in the changing politics of the peninsula.

Cardinals --- Nobility --- Este, Ippolito d',