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From ABO typing during the first half of the 20th century, to the use of enzymes and protein contained in blood serums and finally direct DNA typing, biology has been serving forensic purposes for many decades. Statistics, in turn, has been constantly underpinning the discussions of the probative value of results of biological analyses, in particular when defendants could not be considered as excluded as potential sources because of different genetic traits. The marriage between genetics and statistics has never been an easy one, though, as is illustrated by fierce arguments that peaked in the so-called "DNA wars" in some American courtrooms in the mid-1990s. This controversy has contributed to a lively production of research and publications on various interpretative topics, such as the collection of relevant data, foundations in population genetics as well as theoretical and practical considerations in probability and statistics. Both DNA profiling as a technique and the associated statistical considerations are now widely accepted as robust, but this does not yet guarantee or imply a neat transition to their application in court. Indeed, statistical principles applied to results of forensic DNA profiling analyses are a necessary, yet not a sufficient preliminary requirement for the contextually meaningful use of DNA in the law. Ultimately, the appropriate use of DNA in the forensic context relies on inference, i.e. reasoning reasonably in the face of uncertainty. This is all the more challenging that such thought processes need to be adopted by stakeholders from various backgrounds and holding diverse interests. Although several topics of the DNA controversy have been settled over time, some others are still debated (such as the question of how to deal with the probability of error), while yet others - purportedly settled topics - saw some recent revivals (e.g., the question of how to deal with database searches). In addition, new challenging topics have emerged over the last decade, such as the analysis and interpretation of traces containing only low quantities of DNA where artefacts of varying nature may affect results. Both technical and interpretative research involving statistics thus represent areas where ongoing research is necessary, and where scholars from the natural sciences and the law should collaborate. The articles in this Research Topic thus aim to investigate, from an interdisciplinary perspective, the current understanding of the strengths and limitations of DNA profiling results in legal applications. This Research Topic accepts contributions in all frontiers article type categories and places an emphasis on topics with a multidisciplinary perspective that explore (while not being limited to) statistical genetics for forensic scientists, case studies and reports, evaluation and interpretation of forensic findings, communication of expert findings to laypersons, quantitative legal reasoning and fact-finding using probability.

Biology - General --- Biology --- Health & Biological Sciences --- probability theory --- interpretation --- Bacterial DNA --- Statistics and the law --- Forensic DNA profiling --- Low-template DNA analysis --- Commercialization --- DNA transfer --- forensic molecular biology

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With the progress of nanoscience and biotechnology, advanced electrochemical biosensors have been widely investigated for various application fields. Such electrochemical sensors are well suited to miniaturization and integration for portable devices and parallel processing chips. Therefore, advanced electrochemical biosensors can open a new era in health care, drug discovery, and environmental monitoring. This Special Issue serves the need to promote exploratory research and development on emerging electrochemical biosensor technologies while aiming to reflect on the current state of research in this emerging field.

dopamine --- sensor --- microelectrode array --- brain --- conducting polymers --- biosensors --- electrochemistry --- bioanalyte --- maple syrup urine disease --- branched-chain amino acids --- electrochemical (bio)sensing --- biosensing --- DNA analysis --- forensics --- aptasensor --- MoS2 --- pesticide --- neonicotinoid --- capacitance --- integrated biosensors --- lab-on-a-chip --- immunosensors --- aptasensors --- medical diagnostics --- nanomaterials --- advanced sensing platforms --- environmental monitoring

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Het genetische onderzoek dat wetenschappelijke vorsers uitvoeren, is niet langer een zaak voor het laboratorium maar hoort thuis in het hart van onze maatschappij. Genetische technologie wordt gebruikt bij gerechtelijk onderzoek en als bewijs van historische vooronderstellingen. Bovendien wil de mens ook een keuze maken in de bepaling van zijn biologische oorsprong. Kinderen op maat gemaakt lijken plots niet meer veraf. Ingrepen in onze genetica hebben evenwel ook hun invloed op verzekerbaarheid, tewerkstelling en de privé-sfeer in het algemeen. De cruciale vraag dringt zich dan ook op of genetische testen leed voorkomen dan wel dat leed eerder veroorzaken. In hun boek Adam en Eva en andere verhalen over genetica schetsen David en Jean-Jacques Cassiman een duidelijk beeld van de Menselijke Erfelijkheid aan het begin van een nieuwe eeuw. Op een uiterst toegankelijke en intrigerende manier maken zij een balans op en plaatsen ze de feiten tegenover de emoties.

Human genetics --- Erfelijkheidsleer --- Hérédité --- Genetics, Medical. --- #GBIB:CBMER --- Academic collection --- 372.857.5 --- genetica (genen) --- gentherapie --- 600.2 --- DNA --- antropologie --- biologie --- erfelijkheidsleer --- exacte wetenschappen --- genetische manipulatie --- Ethiek (moraal, zedenleer) --- Genetica (erfelijke afwijkingen, erfelijke ziekten, erfelijkheid, erfelijkheidsleer, erfelijkheidsonderzoek, genetische aandoeningen) --- In-vitrofertilisatie --- Moraal (censuur) --- Erfelijkheid (genetica) --- Medische ethiek --- genetica --- Ethiek --- Genetische manipulatie --- genetisch risico --- Human Genetics --- Medical Genetics --- Genetics, Human --- Anthropology, Physical --- Chromosome Disorders --- Sex Chromosome Disorders --- Genetic Diseases, Inborn --- Molecular Medicine --- génétique (gènes) --- thérapie génique --- 61 --- Genetics, Medical --- DNA analysis --- Deoxypentose Nucleic Acid DNA --- Cloning --- Human genome project --- Genetics. --- Nature. --- Biology --- Embryology --- Mendel's law --- Adaptation (Biology) --- Breeding --- Chromosomes --- Heredity --- Mutation (Biology) --- Variation (Biology) --- Genetic engineering --- Reproduction, Asexual --- Monograph

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This book is concerned with the estimation of discrete-time semi-Markov and hidden semi-Markov processes. Semi-Markov processes are much more general and better adapted to applications than the Markov ones because sojourn times in any state can be arbitrarily distributed, as opposed to the geometrically distributed sojourn time in the Markov case. Another unique feature of the book is the use of discrete time, especially useful in some specific applications where the time scale is intrinsically discrete. The models presented in the book are specifically adapted to reliability studies and DNA analysis. The book is mainly intended for applied probabilists and statisticians interested in semi-Markov chains theory, reliability and DNA analysis, and for theoretical oriented reliability and bioinformatics engineers. It can also serve as a text for a six month research-oriented course at a Master or PhD level. The prerequisites are a background in probability theory and finite state space Markov chains. Vlad Stefan Barbu is associate professor in statistics at the University of Rouen, France, Laboratory of Mathematics ‘Raphaël Salem.’ His research focuses basically on stochastic processes and associated statistical problems, with a particular interest in reliability and DNA analysis. He has published several papers in the field. Nikolaos Limnios is a professor in Applied Mathematics at the University of Technology of Compiègne. His research interest concerns stochastic processes and statistics with application to reliability. He is the co-author of the books: Semi-Markov Processes and Reliability (Birkhäuser, 2001 with G. Oprisan) and Stochastic Systems in Merging Phase Space (World Scientific, 2005, with V.S. Koroliuk).

Markov processes --- Reliability (Engineering) --- DNA --- Markov, Processus de --- Fiabilité --- Mathematical models --- Analysis --- Modèles mathématiques --- DNA --Analysis --Mathematical models. --- Markov processes. --- Reliability (Engineering) --Mathematical models. --- Evaluation Studies as Topic --- Probability --- Stochastic Processes --- Epidemiologic Research Design --- Investigative Techniques --- Nucleic Acids --- Statistics as Topic --- Mathematical Concepts --- Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides --- Epidemiologic Methods --- Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment --- Health Care Evaluation Mechanisms --- Quality of Health Care --- Public Health --- Phenomena and Processes --- Chemicals and Drugs --- Environment and Public Health --- Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation --- Health Care --- Markov Chains --- Models, Theoretical --- Reproducibility of Results --- Mathematics --- Physical Sciences & Mathematics --- Mathematical Statistics --- Mathematical models. --- Fiabilité --- Modèles mathématiques --- EPUB-LIV-FT LIVMATHE LIVSTATI SPRINGER-B --- Deoxyribonucleic acid --- Desoxyribonucleic acid --- Thymonucleic acid --- TNA (Nucleic acid) --- Analysis, Markov --- Chains, Markov --- Markoff processes --- Markov analysis --- Markov chains --- Markov models --- Models, Markov --- Processes, Markov --- Mathematics. --- Bioinformatics. --- Operations research. --- Management science. --- Probabilities. --- Statistics. --- Quality control. --- Reliability. --- Industrial safety. --- Probability Theory and Stochastic Processes. --- Statistical Theory and Methods. --- Statistics for Engineering, Physics, Computer Science, Chemistry and Earth Sciences. --- Quality Control, Reliability, Safety and Risk. --- Operations Research, Management Science. --- Stochastic processes --- Deoxyribose --- Nucleic acids --- Genes --- Distribution (Probability theory. --- Mathematical statistics. --- System safety. --- Bio-informatics --- Biological informatics --- Biology --- Information science --- Computational biology --- Systems biology --- Safety, System --- Safety of systems --- Systems safety --- Accidents --- Industrial safety --- Systems engineering --- Statistical analysis --- Statistical data --- Statistical methods --- Statistical science --- Econometrics --- Statistical inference --- Statistics, Mathematical --- Statistics --- Probabilities --- Sampling (Statistics) --- Distribution functions --- Frequency distribution --- Characteristic functions --- Data processing --- Prevention --- Statistics . --- Quantitative business analysis --- Management --- Problem solving --- Operations research --- Statistical decision --- Operational analysis --- Operational research --- Industrial engineering --- Management science --- Research --- System theory --- Industrial accidents --- Industries --- Job safety --- Occupational hazards, Prevention of --- Occupational health and safety --- Occupational safety and health --- Prevention of industrial accidents --- Prevention of occupational hazards --- Safety, Industrial --- Safety engineering --- Safety measures --- Safety of workers --- System safety --- Dependability --- Trustworthiness --- Conduct of life --- Factory management --- Standardization --- Quality assurance --- Quality of products --- Combinations --- Chance --- Least squares --- Mathematical statistics --- Risk