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Petroleum crude oil is the main energy source worldwide. However, global fossil fuel resources and reservoirs are rapidly and disturbingly being depleted. Thus, it is particularly important to shed light on new techniques developed for economic production and better utilization of crude oil. In addition, the processes involved in the production, refining, and transportation of crude oil are environmentally hazardous. It is essential to develop cleaner technologies and to find innovative solutions to overcome these problems. Over four sections, this book discusses materials used in cracking crude oil and improving its specifications, methods for reducing or eliminating the hazardous effects of petroleum pollution, and the environmental effects of crude oil, as well as presents case studies from different countries.

Lubrication and lubricants. --- Metal-working lubricants.

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This book results from the authors work done on simulation based optimization problems at the Department of Mathematics, University of Trier, and reported in his postdoctoral thesis (”Habilitationsschrift”) accepted by the Faculty-IV of this University in 2008. The focus of the work has been to develop mathematical methods and algorithms which lead to efficient and high performance computational techniques to solve such optimization problems in real-life applications. Systematic development of the methods and algorithms are presented here. Practical aspects of implementations are discussed at each level as the complexity of the problems increase, supporting with enough number of computational examples. It consists of two parts: first part deals with time dependent optimization problems with applications in environmental engineering and the second part deals with steady state optimization problems, in which the PDEs are solved using semi-iterative or pseudo-time-stepping techniques, with applications in aerodynamics. This book will be useful for scientists and engineers who are looking for efficient numerical methods for PDE-constrained optimization problems. It will be helpful for graduate and Ph.D. students in applied mathematics, aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering and computational engineering during their training and research. This also will provide exciting research and development areas involving realistic applications.

Computational fluid dynamics. --- Constrained optimization. --- Metal-working lubricants. --- Civil Engineering --- Operations Research --- Civil & Environmental Engineering --- Engineering & Applied Sciences --- Differential equations, Partial --- Mathematical optimization. --- Numerical solutions. --- Optimization (Mathematics) --- Optimization techniques --- Optimization theory --- Systems optimization --- Mathematics. --- Computer mathematics. --- Mathematical models. --- Physics. --- Fluids. --- Fluid mechanics. --- Computational Mathematics and Numerical Analysis. --- Mathematical Modeling and Industrial Mathematics. --- Theoretical, Mathematical and Computational Physics. --- Engineering Fluid Dynamics. --- Fluid- and Aerodynamics. --- Computational Science and Engineering. --- Mathematical analysis --- Maxima and minima --- Operations research --- Simulation methods --- System analysis --- Numerical analysis --- Computer science --- Hydraulic engineering. --- Computer science. --- Informatics --- Science --- Engineering, Hydraulic --- Engineering --- Fluid mechanics --- Hydraulics --- Shore protection --- Computer mathematics --- Discrete mathematics --- Electronic data processing --- Mathematics --- Mathematical physics. --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Hydrostatics --- Permeability --- Hydromechanics --- Continuum mechanics --- Physical mathematics --- Models, Mathematical --- Continuum mechanics. --- Continuum Mechanics. --- Data processing. --- Mechanics of continua --- Elasticity --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Field theory (Physics)