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Sulfur : history, technology, applications & industry
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Year: 2013 Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] ChemTec Publishing

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Keywords

Sulfur --- Sulfur industry


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Chapter Studies of Lithium-Oxygen Battery Electrodes by Energy- Dependent Full-Field Transmission Soft X-Ray Microscopy
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Year: 2017 Publisher: [Place of publication not identified] : InTechOpen,

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The employment of printing techniques as cost-effective methods to fabricate low cost, flexible, disposable and sustainable solar cells is intimately dependent on the substrate properties and the adequate electronic devices to be powered by them. Among such devices, there is currently a growing interest in the development of user-oriented and multipurpose systems for intelligent packaging or on-site medical diagnostics, which would greatly benefit from printable solar cells as their energy source for autonomous operation.


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Microbial Connections Between the Subsurface Sulfur Cycle and Other Elemental Cycles
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Year: 2018 Publisher: Frontiers Media SA

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Sulfur has many redox states and is a major metabolite in suboxic and anaerobic environments including, but not restricted to, marine and marginal marine sediments, the water column of oxygen minimum zones, salt marshes and oil wells. Microbially mediated redox cycling of sulfur typically comprises dissimilatory sulfate reduction (MSR), sulfide reoxidation, disproportionation and the oxidation and reduction of sulfur redox intermediates. These processes contribute to the degradation of organic matter, link the cycles of sulfur and carbon, control the production and consumption of methane and are critical for the long term budget of O2 in the atmosphere. Microbial and abiotic processes at redox interfaces also connect the sulfur cycle to the redox cycles of nitrogen, iron and other elements, producing distinctive geochemical and molecular signatures. Studies that couple microbiology with stable isotope geochemistry have informed interpretations of microbial sulfur cycling in modern and past environments. Laboratory-based studies and models of MSR have sought to understand the physiological and environmental controls of the magnitude of sulfur isotope fractionation. The fractionations of stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes during MSR are also used to track enzymatic activity during MSR and processes that oxidize sulfide in the presence of environmental oxidants. Outstanding questions in the field concern the importance of oxidative processes within the natural environment, the delivery of oxidants and carbon sources to the zones of sulfate reduction and the ability to detect or reconstruct oxidative processes from the chemical, isotopic, metagenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomics profiles in the environment. Recent studies have emphasized the complex connections between sulfur and methane, iron, nitrogen and other elements. These links may involve the redox cycling of species that occur at concentrations difficult to detect by standard geochemical techniques or that are cycled at very rapid rates (cryptic cycles). Of particular interest is the use of isotope geochemistry to quantify links among various electron acceptors, including sulfate, ferric iron, and nitrate, during the anaerobic methane oxidation. For example, recent geochemical measurements have hinted that microbial sulfate reduction coupled to organic matter oxidation is mechanistically different to when sulfate reduction is coupled to methane oxidation. Recent studies have also suggested a possible contribution of a number of previously uncultured microbial groups in sulfur cycling in sulfidic environments, inspiring further studies of these organisms and their partnerships in anaerobic environments. This Research Topic highlights studies of microbial interactions, processes and communities that couple the sulfur cycle to the cycles of other elements in aphotic environments.


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Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Chemistry and Biology.

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This volume on iron-sulfur proteins includes chapters that discuss how microbes, plants, and animals synthesize these complex prosthetic groups, and why it is important to understand the chemistry and biogenesis of iron sulfur proteins. In addition to their vital importance in mitochondrial respiration, numerous iron sulfur proteins are important in maintenance of DNA integrity. Multiple rare human diseases with different clinical presentations are caused by mutations of genes in the iron sulfur cluster biogenesis pathway. Understanding iron sulfur proteins is important for understanding a rapidly expanding group of metabolic pathways important in all kingdoms of life, and for understanding processes ranging from nitrogen fixation to human disease.


Book
Sulfur dioxide
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ISBN: 1612094805 9781612094809 9781611227352 1611227356 Year: 2011 Publisher: New York

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Sulfur
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ISBN: 1523151269 1774670275 1774670267 9781774670262 Year: 2023 Publisher: Toronto, Ontario

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Sulfur: History, Technology, Applications and Industry, Third Edition focuses on methods of production and their applications during various stages of industrial and technological use. Commercial sulfuric acid production from the early 16th century until today is reviewed, spanning the Ancient and Renaissance periods, the Industrial Age (to which sulfur was vitally important), and the Sulfur War of 1840. The book introduces "the Sulfur Age" and the processes of this period- such as the Nordhausen, Bell, and Leblanc methods- then goes onto review native sulfur production in Sicily, once a major supplier to the world. The "Frasch method" is also covered in detail. Moving to present day, the book presents "recovered" sulfur derived from sour gas and oil which constitutes 90% of today’s elemental sulfur supply, and looks to Canada, a powerhouse supplier of recovered sulfur. An entire chapter is devoted to modern-day sulfur entrepreneurs, with a profile of various investors (from the reluctant to the private and institutional). Finally, the book forecasts the sulfur industry’s future and potential supply sources, such as worldwide oil sands.


Book
Next-generation batteries with sulfur cathodes
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ISBN: 0128166126 0128163925 9780128166123 9780128163924 Year: 2019 Publisher: London


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Sulfur-tolerant natural gas reforming for fuel-cell applications
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ISBN: 1000014763 3866444591 Year: 2010 Publisher: KIT Scientific Publishing

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An attractive simplification of PEM-FC systems operated with natural gas would be the use of a sulfur tolerant reforming catalyst, but such a catalyst has not been available thus far. In this work it is demonstrated that a tailor made rhodium catalyst retains useful activity for typical sulfur levels in the feed. A brief economic comparison showed however that this alternative process is still less economical than the traditional process employing removal of sulfur components by adsorption.

Keywords

natural gas --- reforming --- fuel cells --- sulfur --- hydrogen


Book
Advances in sulfur chemistry.
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ISBN: 1281047953 9786611047955 0080552226 9780080552224 9781281047953 Year: 2000 Publisher: Stamford, Conn. JAI Press

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This volume is a testament to the continuing importance of sulfur chemistry, and the tremendous progress that has been made in recent years.


Book
Iron-Sulfur Clusters in Chemistry and Biology
Authors: --- --- --- --- --- et al.
ISBN: 1523100583 3110378264 3110308428 9783110308433 3110308436 9783110308426 9781523100583 9783110308327 3110308320 9783110378269 Year: 2014 Publisher: Berlin Boston

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This volume on iron-sulfur proteins includes chapters that describe the initial discovery of iron-sulfur proteins in the 1960's to elucidation of the roles of iron sulfur clusters as prosthetic groups of enzymes, such as the citric acid cycle enzyme, aconitase, and numerous other proteins, ranging from nitrogenase to DNA repair proteins. The capacity of iron sulfur clusters to accept and delocalize single electrons is explained by basic chemical principles, which illustrate why iron sulfur proteins are uniquely suitable for electron transport and other activities. Techniques used for detection and stabilization of iron-sulfur clusters, including EPR and Mossbauer spectroscopies, are discussed because they are important for characterizing unrecognized and elusive iron sulfur proteins. Recent insights into how nitrogenase works have arisen from multiple advances, described here, including studies of high-resolution crystal structures. Numerous chapters discuss how microbes, plants, and animals synthesize these complex prosthetic groups, and why it is important to understand the chemistry and biogenesis of iron sulfur proteins. In addition to their vital importance in mitochondrial respiration, numerous iron sulfur proteins are important in maintenance of DNA integrity. Multiple rare human diseases with different clinical presentations are caused by mutations of genes in the iron sulfur cluster biogenesis pathway. Understanding iron sulfur proteins is important for understanding a rapidly expanding group of metabolic pathways important in all kingdoms of life, and for understanding processes ranging from nitrogen fixation to human disease.

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