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Comprising 395 essays arranged alphabetically, mostly on individual objects, artefacts, techniques, and products, this is an up-to-date work of reference for all those involved in teaching or researching the history of twentieth-century technology.For a full list of entries, contributors, and more, visit the Encycloped ia of 20th-Century Technology website.
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Angesichts des hohen Nebenstromverhältnisses moderner Flugtriebwerke wird die Einführung eines Getriebes zwischen Niederdruckturbine und Fan attraktiv. Ein solches Getriebe stellt aufgrund der hohen übertragenen Leistung und den stark gegensätzlichen Forderungen nach geringem Gewicht, geringem Bauraum, hoher Zuverlässigkeit und hohem Wirkungsgrad eine große Herausforderung dar und erfordert die genaue Kenntnis aller beteiligten Vorgänge. Einer dieser Vorgänge ist der Wärmeübergang durch Einspritzkühlung. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird eine neuartige experimentelle Methode vorgestellt, mit der dieser am rotierenden Zahnrad ortsaufgelöst und mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden kann. Der Wärmeübergang wird mit dieser Methode für einen breiten Betriebsbereich ermittelt. Der Einfluss von Ölvolumenstrom, Drehzahl und Düsenwinkel auf den Wärmeübergang wird anhand dieser ortsaufgelösten Daten erstmalig beschrieben. Es zeigt sich die Existenz einer kritischen Drehzahl, bei deren Überschreitung ein deutlicher Rückgang des Wärmeübergangs auftritt. Durch Verwendung eines kinematischen Modells des Ölaufpralls können die beobachteten Zusammenhänge erklärt werden. Örtlich aufgelöste Messungen des Wärmeübergangs sind durch die vorliegende Arbeit erstmalig und für einen weiten Parameterbereich verfügbar. Dies versetzt den Entwickler in die Lage, eine ausreichende Kühlung der Zahnflanken sicherzustellen, ohne dabei Wirkungsgradverluste durch zu hohe eingesetzte Ölvolumenströme zu riskieren.
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Die Autorinnen und Autoren des Bandes widmen sich der germanistischen Dialektlexikographie zu Beginn des 21. Jahrhunderts und bieten einen Überblick über sämtliche aktive Wörterbuchprojekte zu Dialekten des Deutschen. Die Beiträge enthalten Informationen zur Geschichte der Wörterbuchprojekte, ihren wissenschaftshistorischen Kontexten und institutionellen Rahmenbedingungen sowie den empirischen Materialien. Daneben werden konzeptionelle Fragen der Wörterbucharbeit diskutiert und anhand von Beispielartikeln illustriert. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt des Bandes liegt auf texttechnologischen Aspekten, die sowohl die elektronische Aufbereitung und Bereitstellung von vorhandenen Materialien als auch das digitale Publizieren von Wörterbuchartikeln umfassen. Exemplarische Fallstudien verdeutlichen die linguistischen Potenziale der zugrundeliegenden Materialien und deren Verwertbarkeit über die klassische Wörterbucharbeit hinaus.
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Water Resilience in Practice is co-edited by two experienced water sector professionals and reviews resilience in water supply service delivery in the form of a series of case studies from different economic contexts - ranging from low-income and fragile states to upper-income countries. It documents real experiences and reflects on the initiatives different service providers apply to strengthen resilience in practice. It describes how service providers respond, adapt, innovate and learn on an ongoing basis, and how they endeavour to meet challenges and provide water supply to users equitably and sustainably. In recent years climate resilience in water supply has been a new emerging paradigm. In response it is helpful to document and record some up-to-date experiences, which can be consolidated in one place. However, it is also necessary to recognise the multiple pressures that water resources face, such as: population growth, increased water demands, existing climatic variability as well as climate change. These pressures are having a profound impact on water supply service delivery. In this context service providers and development professionals must take active measures to respond to these risks. This book is primarily addressed to organisations and practitioners involved in planning, designing, managing and financing water supply programmes in urban and rural settings.
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This book covers the principles and practices of processes and technologies applied for the treatment of saline wastewater with discharge and reuse purpose, and those applied for its valorisation. Saline wastewater was considered to present electrical conductivities over 2 mS/cm, which is the limit for crop irrigation. Saline wastewater management is described with respect to: Basics about salinity characterisation and environmental impact Effects of salinity on the wastewater physical-chemical treatments Effects of salinity on biological treatment processes Valorisation of saline wastewater for energy and materials production Technologies for saline wastewater treatment and salt recovery Urban and industrial saline wastewater treatment Treatment and Valorisation of Saline Wastewater includes two case studies evaluating the treatment of the effluents from a fish cannery and from a WWTP with seawater intrusions in the collecting system. This book is intended as a text reference book for post-graduate, PhD students and researchers interested in the effects of salinity on the wastewater treatment and valorisation processes. It also serves as a reference text for professionals working in the industrial and urban wastewater sector that deal with saline wastewater.
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This book presents the advancements made in applied metrology in the field of Urban Drainage and Storm water Management over the past two decades in scientific research as well as in practical applications. Given the broadness of this subject (measuring principles, uncertainty in data, data validation, data storage and communication, design, maintenance and management of monitoring networks, technical details of sensor technology), the focus is on water quantity and a sound metrological basis. The book offers common ground for academics and practitioners when setting up monitoring projects in urban drainage and storm water management. This will enable an easier exchange of results so as to allow for a faster scientific progress in the field. A second, but equally important goal, is to allow practitioners access to scientific developments and gained experience when it comes to monitoring urban drainage and storm water systems. In-depth descriptions of international case studies covering all aspects discussed in the book are presented, along with self-training exercises and codes available for readers on a companion website.
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This book aims to provide an overview of how photocatalysis can be employed in water and wastewater treatment. Each chapter will attend to a different area of interest, starting with an introduction on the fundamentals of photocatalysis. The covered topics include metal organic frameworks (MOFs), photocatalytic reactor types and configurations, landfill leachate treatment, and life cycle assessment (LCA) of solar photocatalytic wastewater treatment. In addition, the final two chapters provide fresh new insight, by analyzing international patents on photocatalytic materials, solar photocatalysis, and nanotechnology.
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The first edition of Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment was released in 2012. The field has exploded since and the second edition updates and reviews the application of bioanalytical tools for water quality assessment including surveillance monitoring. The book focuses on applications to water quality assessment ranging from wastewater to drinking water, including recycled water, as well as treatment processes and advanced water treatment. Emerging applications for other environmental matrices are also included. Bioanalytical Tools in Water Quality Assessment, Second Edition, not only demonstrates applications but also fills in the background knowledge in toxicology/ecotoxicology needed to appreciate these applications. Each chapter summarises fundamental material in a targeted way so that information can be applied to better understand the use of bioanalytical tools in water quality assessment. The book can be used by lecturers teaching academic and professional courses and also by risk assessors, regulators, experts, consultants, researchers and managers working in the water sector. It can also be a reference manual for environmental engineers, analytical chemists and toxicologists. Detailed descriptions of dose-response assessment, data reporting, mixture modelling and quality assurance/quality control are complemented by a series of online resources and tools to apply some of the principles and data methods explained in this book. This supplementary information is available at www.ufz.de/bioanalytical-tools.
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