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Brain --- Brain. --- Brain Diseases. --- Diseases. --- Neuroscience
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Brain tumors comprise a spectrum of histological patterns. Their presentation and management depend on their location, size, and grade of lesions. This book is a collection of high-quality research work from global experts on brain tumors, including meningiomas, and their treatment.
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Presents the full text of a fact sheet entitled "Brain and Spinal Tumors," provided by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. Notes that brain and spinal tumors are abnormal growths of tissue found inside the skull or the bony spinal column. Discusses treatment, prognosis, and research.
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The hippocampus is an important brain region, a true central hub for memory of various kinds and other processes. Neuropsychiatric disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, drug addiction, and schizophrenia are characterized by hippocampal alterations. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampus is a site exhibiting adult neurogenesis. This book covers the topic of the hippocampus from various perspectives. It discusses adult neurogenesis, effect of enriched environments on hippocampal plasticity, and long-term potentiation-associated gene expression. The book also addresses multiscale representations of complex environments and strategies in the hippocampus-dependent spatial tasks. Finally, insight into the hippocampus as a link between negative affect and relapse to psychostimulants is provided. The book collects evidence of various hippocampal functions in healthy and disordered brain.
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As editors of this book our aim was to collect new data from experienced authors in order to further advance the knowledge on the protective effects of polyphenols' intake, e.g., when included in the human diet, to modulate cellular functions and pathways associated with neurodegenerative diseases.Fruits and vegetables are the richest source of polyphenols in the regular human diet. Most of these molecules possess high antioxidant capacity, as well as several other important activities that can affect human health, among which anti-inflammatory properties and the potential ability to modulate different cell-signalling pathways seem to be the most important. Neurodegenerative diseases are among the main causes of death worldwide and, in most of them like Alzheimer's or Parkinson's, neurodegeneration occurs long before the onset of first symptoms, where a large population of brain neurons are already lost. Besides neurons, glial cells like astrocytes and microglia, are involved in oxidative and neuroinflammatory pathological pathways, making them interesting targets for neuroprotective strategies. Polyphenols are promising candidates for those strategies, either as prophylactic substances or as therapeutic molecules.In this book, several research papers and two reviews explore the chemical properties of naturally occurring polyphenols and some new possibilities for the therapeutical and/or prophylactic roles of these molecules on neurodegeneration and neurodegenerative diseases.
Brain --- Physiology.
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Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) result from a disruption in the process of the human brain cortex formation: currently, there are no pharmacological treatments for diffuse MCDs. Next-generation sequencing has accelerated the identification of MCDs causing genes: in some cases, functional studies are needed to clarify the role of genetic variants. The aim of this PhD project has been to apply a multidisciplinary approach to identify causative mutations in patients with MCDs, validate the pathogenic role of the identified mutations, and assess the effectiveness of novel in vitro treatment for mTOR pathway related MCDs.
Brain --- Abnormalities.
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Natural and chemical compounds, often used as both dietary supplements and alternative medicines, are characterized by specific chemical properties, allowing their passage across the blood brain barrier with consequent specific effects on neurotransmission. In particular, several natural compounds have shown beneficial properties in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially cognitive impairment and mood disorders, contributing to the maintenance of the physiological brain functioning by interacting with different receptors, transcription factors and signal transduction pathways. Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress have also been proposed as crucial contributors to brain dysfunction development, thus recent investigations have focused on novel therapeutic approaches based on the use of phytoderivates with neuroprotective properties. Thus, this Special Issue includes a collection of 11 papers, describing key findings for the identification of molecular mechanisms required for the development of potential and promising natural therapeutics for the treatment of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Cerebral and Cerebellar Cortex - Interaction and Dynamics in Health and Disease discusses several important issues of cerebro-cerebellar collaboration and interactions. The morphological and functional study of the cerebral and cerebellar cortices and their interaction has considerable value for interpreting the clinical phenomenology of cortical degenerations in the initial stage of the disease. In addition, the analysis of cerebro-cerebellar interactions strongly supports the concept of the close functional unity and harmonization of the brain and the cerebellum, underlining the important role that the cerebellar cortex plays in the performance of higher mental faculties, creativity, emotional processes, and homeostatic equilibrium of the human body.
Brain --- Physiology.
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In vivo brain neuroimaging with cutting-edge technologies has achieved great success with high spatial and temporal resolutions. Several distinct medical imaging perspectives such as disease neurobiology, multimodal imaging techniques and applications, large-size clinical trials of neuro-oncology, and bioinformatics with illustrative examples and comprehensive summaries could expand our knowledge ...
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