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The paper examines the case for contingent financial instruments for low-income countries (LICs), from both the market and official sector. These include commodity price hedging instruments, contingent debt instruments (commodity-linked bonds, deferred repayment loans), and natural disaster insurance, for example. The paper considers the adequacy of the existing framework of ex post and ex ante support to LICs facing exogenous shocks, and examines the need for and possible constraints to greater availability of contingent instruments. Would there be a role for the international community, particularly the IMF and World Bank, in helping to address the constraints that limit development and use of these instruments?.

Commodity control. --- Commercial products.

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Commercial products --- Produits commerciaux --- Canada --- Canada. --- Commerce

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Commercial products --- Germany --- Germany (West) --- Germany. --- Commerce

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Technological innovations --- Commercial products --- Mathematical models.

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The scope of this Emissions Scenario Document includes the blending of fine and functional fragrance oils into consumer and commercial products. The manufacture of aroma chemicals and the formulation of fragrance oil are outside the scope of this scenario. However, these industrial operations are discussed in this section as an introduction to the fragrance industry as a whole. The following life-cycle diagram demonstrates the applicability of this scenario.  

Consumer goods --- Consumer products --- Consumers' goods --- Goods, Consumer --- Commercial products