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The purpose of this SI is to provide an overview of recent advances made in the methods used for tissue imaging and characterization, which benefit from using a large range of optical wavelengths. Guerouah et al. has contributed a profound study of the responses of the adult human brain to breath-holding challenges based on hyperspectral near-infrared spectroscopy (hNIRS). Lange et al. contributed a timely and comprehensive review of the features and biomedical and clinical applications of supercontinuum laser sources. Blaney et al. reported the development of a calibration-free hNIRS system that can measure the absolute and broadband absorption and scattering spectra of turbid media. Slooter et al. studied the utility of measuring multiple tissue parameters simultaneously using four optical techniques operating at different wavelengths of light—optical coherence tomography (1300 nm), sidestream darkfield microscopy (530 nm), laser speckle contrast imaging (785 nm), and fluorescence angiography (~800 nm)—in the gastric conduit during esophagectomy. Caredda et al. showed the feasibility of accurately quantifying the oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobin and cytochrome-c-oxidase responses to neuronal activation and obtaining spatial maps of these responses using a setup consisting of a white light source and a hyperspectral or standard RGB camera. It is interest for the developers and potential users of clinical brain and tissue optical monitors, and for researchers studying brain physiology and functional brain activity.

hemodynamic brain mapping --- metabolic brain mapping --- Monte Carlo simulations --- intraoperative imaging --- optical imaging --- hyperspectral imaging --- RGB imaging --- fluorescence imaging --- fluorescence angiography --- indocyanine green (ICG) --- optical coherence tomography (OCT) --- laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) --- esophagectomy --- gastric conduit --- Sidestream Darkfield Microscopy (SDF) --- multispectral --- broadband diffuse reflectance spectroscopy --- frequency-domain near-infrared spectroscopy --- dual-slope --- absorption spectra --- supercontinuum laser --- NIRS --- tissue optics --- diffuse optics --- near-infrared spectroscopy --- brain --- BOLD signal --- breath-holding --- cytochrome C oxidase --- n/a

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Mathematical and computational modeling approaches in biological and medical research are experiencing rapid growth globally. This Special Issue Book intends to scratch the surface of this exciting phenomenon. The subject areas covered involve general mathematical methods and their applications in biology and medicine, with an emphasis on work related to mathematical and computational modeling of the complex dynamics observed in biological and medical research. Fourteen rigorously reviewed papers were included in this Special Issue. These papers cover several timely topics relating to classical population biology, fundamental biology, and modern medicine. While the authors of these papers dealt with very different modeling questions, they were all motivated by specific applications in biology and medicine and employed innovative mathematical and computational methods to study the complex dynamics of their models. We hope that these papers detail case studies that will inspire many additional mathematical modeling efforts in biology and medicine

predator-prey model --- n/a --- uncertainty quantification --- identification of DNA-binding proteins --- chemostat --- numerical characterization --- differential equations --- uniform persistence --- spotting --- 2-combination --- wildfire --- chronic myeloid leukemia --- combination therapy --- liquid-solid-porous media seepage coupling --- dynamic model --- obesity --- epidermis --- articular cartilage --- androgen deprivation therapy --- quorum sensing --- mechano-electrochemical model --- bifurcations --- bacterial competition --- global stability --- cartilage degeneration --- flocculation --- dynamical system --- transport equations --- bootstrapping --- stationary distribution --- algae growth models --- hemodynamic model --- delay --- Raphidocelis subcapitata --- cartilage loading --- Daphnia magna --- cell-based vector --- switched harvest --- hepatitis B --- rich dynamics --- spotting distribution --- asymptotic theory --- tyrosine kinase inhibitors --- phylogenetic analysis --- immune response --- microcirculation load --- graphical representation --- intraguild predation --- numerical simulation --- bacterial inflammation --- data fitting --- immunomodulatory therapies --- drug therapy --- delay differential equations (DDE) --- global asymptotic stability --- model comparison tests --- optimal control --- generalized pseudo amino acid composition --- random perturbations --- limit cycle --- prostate cancer --- mathematical model --- mathematical modeling --- persistence --- equilibrium points

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Medicine has evolved into a high level of specialization using the very detailed imaging of organs. This has impressively solved a multitude of acute health-related problems linked to single-organ diseases. Many diseases and pathophysiological processes, however, involve more than one organ. An organ-based approach is challenging when considering disease prevention and caring for elderly patients, or those with systemic chronic diseases or multiple co-morbidities. In addition, medical imaging provides more than a pretty picture. Much of the data are now revealed by quantitating algorithms with or without artificial intelligence. This Special Issue on “Systems Radiology and Personalized Medicine” includes reviews and original studies that show the strengths and weaknesses of structural and functional whole-body imaging for personalized medicine.

COVID-19 --- chest X-ray --- deep learning --- convolutional neural network --- Grad-CAM --- computed tomography --- image analysis --- osteoarthritis --- reliability --- FDG-PET/CT --- infection --- bloodstream infection --- endocarditis --- vascular graft infection --- spondylodiscitis --- cyst infection --- white blood cell scintigraphy --- total body PET/CT --- radiotracers --- artificial intelligence --- contrast media --- body composition --- large vessel vasculitis --- atherosclerosis --- imaging --- FDG-PET --- radiological imaging --- MRI --- non-contrast --- venography --- TRANCE --- QFlow --- neuroblastoma --- nuclear medicine --- radionuclide imaging --- [123I]mIBG --- [124I]mIBG --- [18F]mFBG --- [18F]FDG --- [68Ga]Ga-DOTA peptides --- [18F]F-DOPA --- [11C]mHED --- chronic limb-threatening ischemia --- peripheral arterial disease --- calcification pattern --- diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis --- risk factors --- adiposity --- intra-abdominal fat --- cardiorenal syndrome --- imaging biomarker --- tissue characterization --- cerebral aneurysm --- computational fluid dynamics --- hemodynamic --- morphological --- rupture --- n/a