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'Combatting' irregular migration is one of the key challenges to migration management at EU level. The present book addresses one of the most pressing structural problems regarding the EU's return policy: the low return rate of irregularly staying migrants. In this regard the EU Return Directive obliges Member States to issue a return decision, yet only 40% of such decisions are enforced annually. Moreover, despite the political and legal efforts, the EU is not making any significant progress in enforcing the rules it has laid down in the Return Directive. The legislation of EU Member States may, however, serve as a source for possible solutions to 'combat' the problem of irregularly staying migrants. It is for this reason that the book compares the system of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain. Regularisations constitute an effective alternative to returns because they terminate the irregular residence of migrants, not through deportation, but rather by granting a right of residence. Regularisation is therefore understood as each legal decision that awards legal residency to irregularly staying migrants. As is shown by the examination and comparison of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain, differentiated systems of regularisation exist at national level. However, EU regularisations supplementing the present return policy would be more effective at 'combatting' irregular migration at EU level.

Illegal immigration.

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'Combatting' irregular migration is one of the key challenges to migration management at EU level. The present book addresses one of the most pressing structural problems regarding the EU's return policy: the low return rate of irregularly staying migrants. In this regard the EU Return Directive obliges Member States to issue a return decision, yet only 40% of such decisions are enforced annually. Moreover, despite the political and legal efforts, the EU is not making any significant progress in enforcing the rules it has laid down in the Return Directive. The legislation of EU Member States may, however, serve as a source for possible solutions to 'combat' the problem of irregularly staying migrants. This is why the book compares the system of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain. Regularisations constitute an effective alternative to returns because they terminate the irregular residence of migrants, not through deportation, but rather by granting a right of residence. Regularisation is therefore understood as each legal decision that awards legal residency to irregularly staying migrants. As is shown by the examination and comparison of regularisations in Austria, Germany and Spain, differentiated systems of regularisation exist at national level. However, EU regularisations supplementing the present return policy would be more effective at 'combatting' irregular migration at EU level.

Illegal immigration.

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O escritório do Alto Comissariado das Nações Unidas para Refugiados (ACNUR) no Brasil celebrou, em 2019, os quinze anos da Cátedra Sérgio Vieira de Mello. Foi um momento opor­tuno para resgatar a memória das principais ações e produ­ções em prol da população que buscou o Brasil como país de proteção, e, ao mesmo tempo, inaugurar um momento de respostas para os desafios do presente, buscando a construção de um futuro mais acolhedor para pessoas refugiadas, deslocadas, apátridas e tan­tas outras que precisaram deixar suas casas para poderem viver uma vida normal aqui no país. O propósito deste livro é apresentar e discutir os resultados de uma pesquisa que mapeou o estado da arte sobre refugiados, deslocados internos, deslocados ambien­tais e apátridas, a partir da produção acadêmica divulgada entre 2007 e 2017. Em se tratando de recorte temporal, a crise financeira de 2007, na Europa, trouxe mudanças drásticas na migração mundial, par­ticularmente, entre 2007 e 2011, quando um grande número de migrantes irregulares do Oriente Médio, da África e do Sul da Ásia tentaram entrar na Europa via Turquia e Grécia. Enquanto isso, o Brasil, em 2007, celebrava os dez anos de criação da avançada lei de proteção aos refugiados (Lei 9474/97), em que ampliava a definição da Convenção da ONU de 1951, considerando também como refugiado aquele que estava fora de seu país de origem por violação maciça e generalizada aos direitos humanos (art. 1º, III)

Migration, immigration & emigration --- Migration, immigration and emigration

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Was sich 2015 ereignete, war kein voraussetzungsloses, plötzliches Erscheinen und keine Krise der Migration, sondern eine Krise des europäischen Grenzregimes. Neben den eigensinnigen und widerständigen Bewegungen der Migration war diese Zeit gekennzeichnet von zivilem Engagement und von zahlreichen Kunst- und Kulturproduktionen mit, für und über Geflüchtete. Nanna Heidenreich fragt ausgehend vom ›langen Sommer der Migration‹ nach dem Verhältnis von Hype zu Möglichkeitsraum: Wann wird Kunst mit Migration zum Spektakel? Wie stehen ästhetische Schwellenerfahrungen zum Anspruch auf politische Transformation? Auf welche Weise sind Klimawandel und Migration miteinander verschaltet, von wessen Zukunft reden wir? Und welche Farbe hat das Meer?.

Emigration and immigration --- Emigration and immigration.

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I. Recent economic trends and immediate prospects in the B.L.E.U. Countries -Production in Belgium -Manpower and employment -Wages and costs -Main factors in demand -Public Finance -Money and Financial Market -Prospects for 1963 -The economic situation in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg -External economic relations of the B.L.E.U II. Growth policy and structural reforms -The First Economic Expansion Programme (1962-65) -Application of the Economic Expansion Acts 17th and 18th July, 1959 -The National Investment Corporation (Société Nationale d'Investissements (S.N.I.) and the Regional Investment Corporations (Sociétés régionales d'Investissements (S.R.I.) -Fiscal reform -The reorganisation of the coal market -Structural reforms in Luxembourg Conclusions Statistical Annex.

Luxembourg --- Emigration and immigration.