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The creation of 39 Mixed Arbitral Tribunals ('MATs') was a major contribution of the post-World War I peace treaties to the development of international adjudication. With over 90 000 claims handled, the MATs were the busiest international courts of the interwar period. Moreover, in a departure from most other international courts and tribunals at that time, they allowed individuals to file claims against sovereign states before them. After 1945, they inspired the creators of the European Court of Justice before disappearing into quasi-oblivion. Relying on legal and historical research, including new archival findings, this volume is specifically dedicated to these pioneering institutions.
Civil procedure (International law) --- International courts --- History.
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Zusammenfassung Armin von Bogdandy und Ingo Venzke stellten mit “In Whose Name?” bereits 2014 die grundsätzliche Frage nach der Legitimität internationaler Gerichtshöfe. Der vorliegende Band führt die Debatte weiter: Woraus schöpfen internationale Organisationen und Gerichte ihre Legitimität und wie tragen sie zur Demokratisierung des Völkerrechts bei? Wie steht es um die demokratische Legitimität internationaler Menschenrechtsgerichtshöfe? Der Band bietet eine breite Diskussion zu aktuellen Fragen des internationalen Rechts. Abstract These texts on the legitimacy of international courts were framed as a direct reaction to arguments put forward in the book “In Whose Name?” by Armin von Bogdandy und Ingo Venzke. The subjects ranged from a comparison between international organizations and international courts and how they can contribute to democratize international law to assessing the democratic legitimacy of international human rights courts. Therefore the collection is dealing with both theoretical and practical questions regarding the legitimacy of international courts and how such problems relate to fundamental problems of our times.
Transnationale Gerichtsbarkeit --- Arbitration --- Internationale Gerichte --- Legitimität von Schiedsgerichten --- approaches to international judicial legitimacy --- ITLOS --- Internationales Recht --- Demokratiedefizit --- International Court of Justice --- international courts --- legitimacy and authority of international courts --- Schiedsgerichtbarkeit --- democratic legitimacy --- dispute resolution
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International courts --- International law --- International law --- Intervention (International law) --- International Court of Justice. --- United States --- Foreign relations
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L'ouvrage de François Voeffray traite avec brio d'une question de droit international qui n'avait jamais fait l'objet jusqu'ici d'une enquête systématique et approfondie : celle de l'action populaire ou du droit d'agir en justice en défense de l'intérêt commun. Dans la Rome antique, tout citoyen pouvait dénoncer devant un juge certaines atteintes à l'ordre ou aux biens publics. Connu sous le nom d'actio popularis, cet instrument faisait de chaque citoyen romain un gardien du bien public et permettait de suppléer ainsi aux faibles moyens de la police et des magistrats. Un tel droit de recours ne serait-il pas utile dans la société internationale contemporaine, pour assurer la défense de l'intérêt commun ? Qui doit être autorisé à agir : les États ou n'importe quel individu ? Doit-on craindre des abus, une politisation de la justice ou une avalanche de procédures ? L'ouvrage fait le point sur ces questions, et bien d'autres encore, en dressant un portrait tout en finesse de l'action populaire. En 1966, la Cour internationale de Justice avait opposé un refus cinglant à l'actio popularis en déniant qualité pour agir à deux États africains désireux de contester devant elle la politique d'apartheid de l'Afrique du Sud dans l'ex-Sud-Ouest africain (Namibie). Mais depuis ce jugement controversé, beaucoup d'eau a coulé sous les ponts de la justice internationale. Aujourd'hui, sans que cela ait été clairement perçu, l'action populaire s'est établie dans différentes procédures contentieuses internationales. Elle a été mise au service de la légalité internationale dans les domaines des droits de l'homme, de la protection de l'environnement, du droit économique et commercial ou du droit des espaces marins. C'est le mérite de cet ouvrage de rendre compte de cette évolution, en décrivant les fonctions de l'action populaire, mais aussi son ambiguïté et ses inévitables limites. Prix Paul Guggenheim 2004
Popular actions --- International courts --- Procedure (Law) --- Tribunaux internationaux --- Procédure (Droit) --- Citizen suits (Civil procedure) --- International Court of Justice --- Common good --- Justice --- Procédure (Droit) --- actio popularis
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Amicus curiae participation in international courts is steadily growing since the late 1990 despite lack of clarity on the concept's nature, function and utility in international dispute settlement. Does amicus curiae infuse international judicial proceedings with alternative views, including the public interest in a case, as often advocated by NGOs? Does it increase the legitimacy and transparency of international dispute settlement, or the coherence of international law? Or is it an unhelpful impostor that impedes negotiated solutions and derails the proceedings at the expense of the parties to advance its own agenda? By way of an empirical-comparative analysis of the laws and practices of the ICJ, the ITLOS, the ECtHR, the IACtHR, the IACtHPR, WTO panels and the Appellate Body, and investment arbitration the dissertation examines the status quo of amicus curiae before international courts and tribunals to determine if the current amicus curiae practice is of added value to international proceedings and international dispute settlement in general. The dissertation shows that there is no common concept of international amicus curiae, but that amicus curiae before the international courts examined share a few characteristics. A proposed functional systematization highlights overlaps and diverging uses of the concept before international courts and helps scholars and practitioners to assess the opportunities and limits of the concept. Analysis of the concept's current regulatory framework and its substantive effectiveness reveals a hesitation in particular by courts with a strong adversarial tradition to take into account the views of a non-party despite the positive experience with the concept in regional human rights courts. The dissertation concludes that neither the expectations nor the concerns attached to amicus curiae participation in international proceedings have materialized. It argues that the concept can contribute to improved decisions and decision-making in international dispute settlement if regulated and used properly.
Amici curiae. --- International courts --- International tribunals --- Tribunals, International --- Courts --- Jurisdiction (International law) --- Amici curiae --- Friends of the court --- Parties to actions --- Law and legislation --- Law --- General
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Greening International Jurisprudence: Environmental NGOs before International Courts, Tribunals, and Compliance Committees examines how international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies enforce international environmental law, with particular consideration to the role of environmental NGOs. The analytical structure of the study is based on four aspects of discussion and research: the enforcement deficit in environmental law; global environmental governance and sustainable development; the proliferation of international judicial and quasi-judicial bodies; and deliberation and democratic global governance. Author Cathrin Zengerling analyses the institutional structure, as well as the environmental case law from a total of fourteen international courts, arbitral tribunals, and compliance committees with special focus on accessibility, comprehensiveness, and transparency. Underlying this analysis is the fundamental question of whether the respective body appropriately contributes to the realization of democratic governance for sustainable development. After presenting her core findings, the author provides concrete recommendations for future best practices and discusses the need for a new World Environment Court. Researchers, practitioners, and students of international environmental law will find an important, thought-provoking and timely new text in Greening International Jurisprudence: Environmental NGOs before International Courts, Tribunals, and Compliance Committees .
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