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Infants are not just small adults; they have a complex set of nutrient requirements and interactions to account for the high metabolic rate, growth, immunological and cognitive development, etc. Each year there are 138 million births, including 30 million from the least developed countries, where health is most at risk. Nutrition during infancy establishes growth patterns and development which moderate short term and long term health and life expectancy. There is continuing progress in understanding the nutrient composition of breastmilk and the importance nutritious and timely complementary foods. Nutrients at particular risk in the first years of life are iron, iodine, and vitamins A and D. There are still gaps in our knowledge on the influence of maternal diet, body composition and nutritional status on breastmilk nutrients. Interaction of nutrients with the human microbiome and gastro-intestinal tract hormonal secretion are developing fields. While breastmilk remains the “gold standard of pediatric nutrition”, the provisions of nutrients providing for optimal health in infant formulae, including nutrients and probiotics remains an area of research. The assessment of body composition for research and clinical practice has progressed rapidly and is important in understanding later obesity. After six months of age, there are new issues of the interaction of weaning foods and later family foods with the maturing gastro-intestinal tract to promote health and growth. Infant nutrition is made more difficult (and interesting) by the many cultural beliefs related to feeding practices. Developments in all of these fields of research into pediatric nutrition will be explored in this special issue together with state of the art reviews.

infant nutrition --- Breastfeeding and nutrition --- Micronutrients in infancy --- Growth and protein --- Culture and nutrient intake

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Trace Elements in Abiotic and Biotic Environments helps readers understand the fundamental principles and phenomena that control the transfer of trace elements. This book describes the occurrence and behavior of trace elements in rocks, soil, water, air, and plants, and also discusses the anthropogenic impact to the environment. In addition, it covers the presence of trace elements in feeds, as either contaminants or as nutritional or zootechnical additives, and their transfer across the food chain to humans. Also discussed is international legislation on trace elements for both micronutrients and contaminants in soil and plant food. A special focus is placed on the human health effects of both trace element deficiency and excess. All trace elements are covered-from aluminum to zirconium-as well as rare-earth elements (actinides and lanthanides).

Trace elements. --- Accessory elements --- Microelements --- Micronutrients --- Minerals, Trace --- Minor elements --- Trace metals --- Trace minerals --- Agricultural chemicals --- Chemical elements

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For decades, NGOs targeting world hunger focused on ensuring that adequate quantities of food were being sent to those in need. In the 1990's, the international food policy community turned its focus to the "hidden hunger" of micronutrient deficiencies, a problem that resulted in two scientific solutions: fortification, the addition of nutrients to processed foods, and biofortification, the modification of crops to produce more nutritious yields. This hidden hunger was presented as a scientific problem to be solved by "experts" and scientifically engineered smart foods rather than through local knowledge, which was deemed unscientific and, hence, irrelevant. In Hidden Hunger, Aya Hirata Kimura explores this recent emphasis on micronutrients and smart foods within the international development community and, in particular, how the voices of women were silenced despite their expertise in food purchasing and preparation. Kimura grounds her analysis in case studies of attempts to enrich and market three basic foods-rice, wheat flour, and baby food-in Indonesia. She shows the power of nutritionism and how its technical focus enhanced the power of corporations as a government partner while restricting public participation in the making of policy for public health and food. She also analyzes the role of advertising to promote fortified foodstuffs and traces the history of Golden Rice, a crop genetically engineered to alleviate vitamin A deficiencies. Situating the recent turn to smart food in Indonesia and elsewhere as part of a long history of technical attempts to solve the Third World food problem, Kimura deftly analyzes the intersection of scientific expertise, market forces, and gendered knowledge to illuminate how hidden hunger ultimately defined women as victims rather than as active agents.

Nutrition policy --- Women --- Malnutrition --- Enriched foods --- Trace elements in nutrition --- Food habits --- Nutrition --- Prevention. --- Political aspects --- Eating --- Food customs --- Foodways --- Human beings --- Micronutrients --- Food, Enriched --- Fortified foods --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Food --- Food policy --- Nutrition and state --- State and nutrition --- Government policy --- Habit --- Manners and customs --- Diet --- Oral habits --- Trace element deficiency diseases --- Food additives --- Nutrition disorders --- Starvation --- Females --- Femininity --- Social policy

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In recent years, the interest in magnesium and in microelements in older people has exponentially increased. The deficiency of either magnesium and microelements, in fact, is associated with several negative outcomes in older people. Therefore, in this book, we decided to report the most novel and important research findings regarding these important topics. In particular, authoritative authors in the field of nutritional research in older people reported their experience in magnesium research, including articles on metabolic and cardiovascular aspects of magnesium deficiency. Moreover, we speculated the importance of magnesium in infectious diseases, including COVID-19. In this book, we also report some important findings regarding other microelements, such as iron and sodium or potassium, extremely important in older people.

magnesium --- proteomics --- randomized trial --- vitamin D --- liquid chromatography—tandem mass spectrometry --- post-menopause --- aging --- Alzheimer’s disease --- iron metabolism --- multiple sclerosis --- Parkinson’s disease --- sex differences --- stroke --- dementia --- cognitive decline --- cardiovascular disease --- hypertension --- older people --- sodium --- potassium --- malnutrition --- SarcoPhAge --- macronutrients --- micronutrients --- muscle strength --- physical performance --- gait speed --- ions --- insulin resistance --- diet --- supplement --- oxidative stress --- inflammation --- infectious diseases --- COVID-19 --- n/a --- liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry --- Alzheimer's disease --- Parkinson's disease

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Appropriate nutrition is a cornerstone of preventive gerontology. This Special Issue of Nutrients provides new insights on nutritional assessment and potential modifications of nutritional behaviours and supplements to prevent age-associated disorders and to increase life expectancy in different populations of older subjects. It includes five original articles and four systematic reviews. This Special Issue presents several aspects of the assessment of nutritional status and the prevention and treatment of nutritional deficiencies in different populations of older adults. Undoubtedly, future research will deepen our knowledge on this crucial public health issue.

citicoline --- neurology --- supplementation --- treatment --- tryptophan --- diet in the elderly --- depression --- mood disorders --- serotonin and kynurenine pathways of tryptophan metabolism --- olive oil --- metabolic syndrome --- obesity --- women --- menopause --- healthy ageing --- micronutrients --- aging --- DNA damage --- genome stability --- neurodegenerative disorders --- cancer --- older adults --- nutrition --- malnutrition --- epigenetic regulation of gene expression --- DNA methylation --- epigenetic diet --- caloric restriction --- elderly --- fragile populations --- hospitalization --- hypoalbuminemia --- public health --- serum albumin --- NRS-2002 --- SGA --- VES-13 --- Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment --- nutritional status --- education level --- older people --- survival --- geriatrics --- vitamin D --- TUG --- lymphocytes --- GNRI --- Charlson Comorbidity Index --- Bayesian model averaging --- n/a