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This second volume of ReConFort, published open access, addresses the decisive role of constitutional normativity, and focuses on discourses concerning the legal role of constitutional norms. Taken together with ReConFort I (National Sovereignty), it calls for an innovative reassessment of constitutional history drawing on key categories to convey the legal nature of the constitution itself (national sovereignty, precedence, justiciability of power, judiciary as constituted power). In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, constitutional normativity began to complete the legal fixation of the entire political order. This juridification in one constitutional text resulted in a conceptual differentiation from ordinary law, which extends to alterability and justiciability. The early expressions of this ‘new order of the ages’ suggest an unprecedented and irremediable break with European legal tradition, be it with British colonial governance or the French ancien régime. In fact, while the shift to constitutions as a hierarchically ‘higher’ form of positive law was a revolutionary change, it also drew upon old liberties. The American constitutional discourse, which was itself heavily influenced by British common law, in turn served as an inspiration for a variety of constitutional experiments – from the French Revolution to Napoleon’s downfall, in the halls of the Frankfurt Assembly, on the road to a unified Italy, and in the later theoretical discourse of twentieth-century Austria. If the constitution states the legal rules for the law-making process, then its Kelsian primacy is mandatory. Also included in this volume are the French originals and English translations of two vital documents. The first – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès’ Du Jury Constitutionnaire (1795) – highlights an early attempt to reconcile the democratic values of the French Revolution with the pragmatic need to legally protect the Revolution. The second – the 1812 draft of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland – presents the ‘constitutional propaganda’ of the Russian Tsar Alexander I to bargain for the support of the Lithuanian and Polish nobility. These documents open new avenues of research into Europe’s constitutional history: one replete with diverse contexts and national experiences, but above all an overarching motif of constitutional decisiveness that served to complete the juridification of sovereignty. (www.reconfort.eu).

Law. --- Law --- Constitutional law. --- Theories of Law, Philosophy of Law, Legal History. --- Legal History. --- Constitutional Law. --- History. --- Philosophy. --- Constitutional law --- Constitutional limitations --- Constitutionalism --- Constitutions --- Limitations, Constitutional --- Public law --- Administrative law --- Jurisprudence --- Legal history --- Acts, Legislative --- Enactments, Legislative --- Laws (Statutes) --- Legislative acts --- Legislative enactments --- Legislation --- Interpretation and construction --- History and criticism --- Law-History. --- Law—Philosophy. --- Law—History. --- Droit --- Droit constitutionnel. --- Règle de droit --- Histoire --- Histoire. --- Philosophie. --- Precedence of Constitution --- Normativity and Constitution --- Constitutional History of Europe --- Constitutionality of Revolutions --- American Constitutional History --- Constitutional Normativity --- Fundamental Laws --- Old Liberties in European History --- Unconstitutionality of Statutes --- Judicial Review --- Normativity and Precedence --- Constitutional Precedence of the 3 May System --- Constitutional Precedence and Polish Substantial Criminal Law --- 1815 Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland --- Belgian Constitution of 1831 --- 1815 Constitution of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands --- Constituent Power and Constitutionalism in 19th Century Norway --- Spirit of the Albertine Statute --- Hans Kelsen and Adolf Julius Merkl

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Consanguineous marriages have been practiced for hundreds of years, predominantly by Moslems. Although it is generally accepted among communities that the social advantages outweigh other, the rate of congenital malformations and genetic diseases among the offspring borne of consanguineous marriages is higher and an increase in sterility, rates of abortions, stillbirths and neonatal deaths has been suggested by some researchers. These problems result in a substantial economic burden within the communities involved in the practice. Strategies for reducing the frequency of consanguineous marriag

Consanguinity. --- Genealogy. --- Ancestry --- Descent --- Family history (Genealogy) --- Family trees --- Genealogical research --- Genealogy --- Pedigrees --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Biography --- Heraldry --- Precedence --- Marriage --- Heredity --- Inbreeding --- Incest --- Kinship --- Methodology --- Research --- Prohibited degrees

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"This collection of papers is the sixth volume in the Comparative Austronesian series. The papers that comprise this volume examine the concept of precedence as a form of local discourse and as a mechanism for ordering status, at different levels, within specific Austronesian-speaking societies. This is the first volume of its kind to focus entirely on precedence and to provide an explication of its social uses and the way in which it is contested. Each paper is ethnographically-focused and offers its own distinctive approach to the examination of precedence. The papers, however, relate closely to one another and are thus able to proffer a variety of comparativereflections."--Publisher's description.

Sociology & Social History --- Social Sciences --- Social Change --- Differentiation (Sociology) --- Social control. --- Social structure. --- Precedence. --- Rank, Order of --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- Social differentiation --- Diplomatic etiquette --- Etiquette --- Manners and customs --- Genealogy --- Heraldry --- Municipal ceremonial --- Anthropology --- Sociology --- Social institutions --- Social conflict --- Liberty --- Pressure groups --- Social change

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genealogical documentation and analysis of lineage --- sociocultural analysis of genealogical narratives --- the use of genealogical epistemologies to examine social discourses and institutions --- methodological and theoretical innovations in genealogy studies --- research and theory on the intersections of genetic and socially constructed genealogies --- methodological innovation --- Genealogy --- Genealogy. --- Ancestry --- Descent --- Family history (Genealogy) --- Family trees --- Genealogical research --- Pedigrees --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- History --- Biography --- Heraldry --- Precedence --- Methodology --- Research --- sociocultural analysis of genealogical narratives --- genealogy studies --- social discourses --- intersections of genetic --- Social sciences

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Les contributions réunies dans ce volume visent à explorer le champ des postérités généalogiques de Nietzsche. Dans cette perspective, il convient d’abord de faire une nette distinction entre la dimension programmatique de la Généalogie de la morale et les postérités effectives que le livre a eues par la suite aux XXe et XXIe siècles, pour tenter ensuite de comprendre comment le mot « généalogie » a pu se détacher de Nietzsche et acquérir progressivement des significations multiples, bien au-delà de ce que Nietzsche lui-même avait pu anticiper ou imaginer. Il s’agit ainsi de se confronter à un enjeu crucial pour l’historien des idées : celui de retracer les métamorphoses du supposé concept nietzschéen de généalogie, notamment après ses reprises décisives par Deleuze et Foucault, pour faire ressortir la créativité, l’originalité et peut-être aussi la pertinence contemporaine de ces nouveaux discours. Cheminant dans cette direction, notre volume esquisse une sorte de généalogie des « généalogies ». Il montre comment de nombreux lecteurs de Nietzsche ont fait « grincer » et « crier » sa pensée en se la réappropriant sous les espèces de la généalogie.

Philosophy --- généalogie --- morale --- histoire --- genre --- Genealogy --- reception --- History --- Sex role --- gender --- Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm, --- Gender role --- Gender roles --- Gendered role --- Gendered roles --- Role, Gender --- Role, Gendered --- Role, Sex --- Roles, Gender --- Roles, Gendered --- Roles, Sex --- Sex roles --- Sex (Psychology) --- Sex differences (Psychology) --- Social role --- Gender expression --- Sexism --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Ancestry --- Descent --- Family history (Genealogy) --- Family trees --- Genealogical research --- Pedigrees --- Biography --- Heraldry --- Precedence --- Methodology --- Research --- Nietzsche, Friedrich --- Nietzsche, Friederich