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Phase-field modeling has spread to a variety of applications involving phase transformations.While the method has wide applicability, derivation of quantitative predictions requires deeper understanding of the coupling between the system and model parameters. The book highlights a novel phase-field model based on a grand-potential formalism allowing for an elegant and efficient solution to problems in phase transformations.
eutectic --- grand-potential --- solidification --- monotectic --- multi-component --- peritectic --- phase-field
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Almost all processing of technologically important materials includes a process where liquid material is cooled to form a solid, called ""solidification."" In order to form a solid from an undercooled melt, the formation of crystalline nuclei and growth of these nuclei to form a solid are necessary. The process of an atom jumping from the liquid to the solid is a diffusive jump with a driving force. The book Solidification is logically developed through a careful presentation of the relevant theories and models of solidification occurring in a variety of materials. Mathematicians, chemists, physicists, and engineers concerned with melting/freezing phenomena will also find this book to be valuable.
Solidification. --- Crystallization --- Heat --- Melting points --- Solutions, Solid --- Physical Sciences --- Engineering and Technology --- Materials Science
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In this work, the solidification process of the high-temperature materials NiAl-34Cr und Nb-Si is investigated with the phase-field method. This work includes an entire investigation chain from the modeling of the material systems to the conduction of representative phase-field simulations, and finally to the analyzation of the resulting microstructures.
Mechanical engineering & materials --- Phasenfeldsimulationen --- Modellierung --- gerichtete Erstarrung --- Mikrostrukturanalyse --- Phase-field Simulation --- Modeling --- Directional Solidification --- Microstructure analysis
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A single-crystal plasticity model as well as a gradient crystal plasticity model are used to describe the creep behavior of directionally solidi?ed NiAl based eutectic alloys. To consider the transition from theoretical to bulk strength, a hardening model was introduced to describe the strength of the reinforcing phases. Moreover, to account for microstructural changes due to material ?ux, a coupled diffusional-mechanical simulation model was introduced.
Crystal plasticity --- Creep --- Directional solidification --- Gradient plasticity --- Finite element simulation --- Kriechen --- Gerichtete Erstarrung --- Finite Elemente Methode --- Kristallplastizität --- Gradientenplastizität
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Heat resistant materials --- Refractory materials --- Materials at high temperatures --- High temperature materials --- Materials --- High temperatures --- Strength of materials --- high-temperature applications --- oxidation and environmental attack --- high-temperature corrosion --- design with high-temperature materials --- processes for achieving high temperature --- solidification processes
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This volume provides a state-of-the-art report on the modelling of aqueous-solid solution systems by the combined use of chemical thermodynamics and experimental and computational techniques. These systems are ubiquitous in nature and therefore intrinsic to the understanding and quantification of radionuclide containment and retardation processes present in geological repositories of radioactive waste. Representative cases for study have been chosen from the radioactive waste literature to illustrate the application of the various approaches. This report has been prepared by a team of four leading experts in the field under the auspices of the OECD/NEA Thermochemical Database (TDB) Project.
Radioactive waste disposal. --- Solutions, Solid. --- Thermodynamics. --- Chemistry, Physical and theoretical --- Dynamics --- Mechanics --- Physics --- Heat --- Heat-engines --- Quantum theory --- Solid solutions --- Crystallization --- Solidification --- Nuclear waste disposal --- Nuclear engineering --- Radioactivity --- Refuse and refuse disposal --- Radioactive pollution --- Safety measures
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Steel has become the most requested material all over the world during the rapid technological evolution of recent centuries. As our civilization grows and its technological development becomes connected with more demanding processes, it is more and more challenging to fit the required physical and mechanical properties for steel in its huge portfolio of grades for each steel producer. It is necessary to improve the refining and casting processes continuously to meet customer requirements and to lower the production costs to remain competitive. New challenges related to both the precise design of steel properties and reduction in production costs are combined with paying special attention to environmental protection. These contradictory demands are the theme of this book.
oxygen converter slag --- chemical composition of slag --- structural composition of slag --- continuous casting --- tundish --- residence time --- transient casting --- swirling flow tundish --- SEN immersion depth --- multiphase flow --- heat transfer --- continuous casting mold --- computional fluid dynamiscs (CFD) --- fuzzy logic --- optimal cooling --- steel quality prediction --- deoxidation --- inclusions --- thermodynamics --- Ti-bearing steel --- Ca treatment --- dephosphorization --- EAF --- BOF --- phosphorus equilibrium --- wide-thick slab --- non-uniform solidification --- heavy reduction --- porosity --- deformation --- ladle stirring --- turbulence --- slag --- interface --- refining --- mixing time --- slag opening --- pipeline steel --- cooling rate --- composition --- Al-TRIP steel --- slag-steel reaction --- crystalline morphology --- equilibrium model --- CALPHAD --- thermodynamic model --- rare earth --- numerical simulation --- C80D steel --- transverse water flux distribution --- solidification structure --- reoxidation --- tundish cover flux --- Cr2O3 --- decomposition reaction --- RH degasser --- physical Simulation --- mixing Time --- PIV --- flow field --- n/a
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Investigation of the effect of casting and crystallization on the structure and properties of the resulting light alloys and, in particular, research connected with detailed analysis of the microstructure of light alloys obtained using various external influences of ultrasonic, vibration, magnetic, and mechanical processing on the casting and crystallization are discussed. Research on the study of introduction of additives (modifiers, reinforcers, including nanosized ones, etc.) into the melt during the crystallization process, the technological properties of casting (fluidity, segregation, shrinkage, etc.), the structure and physicomechanical properties of light alloys are also included.
aluminum alloy --- titanium diboride --- master alloy --- structure --- mechanical properties --- aluminum --- alumina nanoparticles --- microstructure --- elastic limit --- strength --- Al/SiC composite --- porosity in composites --- finite element analysis --- Al–Mg–Si --- α-Al8(Fe2Mn)Si particles --- solution treatment --- ageing --- dissolution of Fe --- Differential Scanning Calorimetry --- casting speed --- solidification --- Ohno continuous casting --- gravity casting --- dendritic spacing --- composite materials --- hypereutectic aluminum alloys --- Al-Zn-Mg alloys --- rapid solidification --- eutectic --- CALPHAD --- intermetallics --- precipitation hardening --- aluminum-zirconium wire alloys --- electromagnetic casting --- drawing --- electrical conductivity --- phase composition --- nanoparticles --- friction stir processing --- aluminum alloys --- copper alloys --- titanium alloys --- magnesium alloys --- subsurface gradient structures --- surface modification --- hardening with reinforcing particles --- hybrid in situ surfaces --- friction stir welding --- grade 2 titanium alloy --- ZhS6U Ni-based superalloy --- welding tool --- tool wear --- structure formation --- adhesion --- metal transfer --- in-situ friction stir process --- Al-Cu metallomatrix composite --- intermetallic compounds --- diffusion-controlled reactions --- Al-Cu eutectics --- intermetallides --- hydrides --- TiAl system --- n/a --- Al-Mg-Si
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In recent years, the industry has started to use parts printed by powder-based laser additive manufacturing (LAM) when precision and good mechanical properties are required. Applications can be found in the aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors. However, the powder materials available are often inadequate for contemporary processing tasks, and often generate process instabilities as well as porosities and defects in the resulting parts. This Special Issue, “New Frontiers in Materials Design for Laser Additive Manufacturing”, focuses on advances in material design and the development of laser additive manufacturing. Of particular interest are original papers dealing with metal and polymer powders for laser powder bed fusion or directed energy deposition. In this Special Issue, we are especially interested in answering the following questions: How can laser process parameters and material properties be adapted to the LAM process via the matrix modification (e.g., alloying, doping, compounding) of powders? How can powder properties like flowability, wetting, porosity, or (heterogeneous) nucleation be adapted to the LAM process via the surface modification of powders? How may calorimetry, high-speed videography, pyrometry, and online spectroscopy, as well as modeling, contribute to understanding dynamics of melting and recrystallization, in addition to the lateral distribution of the thermal process window?
Technology: general issues --- Chemical engineering --- powder bed fusion --- magnesium --- process development --- additive manufacturing --- PBF-LB/M --- tool steel (1.2709) --- nanocomposite --- microstructure --- mechanical properties --- laser powder bed fusion --- selective laser melting --- oxide dispersion strengthened steel --- phase-field model --- finite element simulation --- nanoparticle interaction --- pure copper --- short wavelength laser system --- green laser --- eddy-current method --- electrical conductivity --- polyamide 12 --- nanocomposites --- nanoparticles --- dispersion --- LB-PBF --- additively manufactured parts --- aluminum alloys --- intermetallics --- thermal exposure --- n/a --- aluminium alloys --- hot cracking --- rapid solidification --- differential fast scanning calorimetry --- undercooling --- grain size --- crack density
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The present book contains nine articles that were accepted and published in the Special Issue “Modeling and Control of Energy Conversion during Underground Coal Gasification Process” of the MDPI Energies journal. This book focuses on the energy conversion processes in underground coal gasification (UCG), as well as on the modeling and control of this process. The articles published in this book can be divided into three thematic parts of research in the field of underground coal gasification technology: the first part is the impact of technology on the environment, the second is research (studies) on the coal areas and coal properties of UCG technology, and the third is the monitoring, modeling, and control processes within UCG. We hope that this book will be interesting and useful for workers and researchers in the field of underground coal gasification technology, as well as for those who are interested in the mathematical modeling and control of this process.
Technology: general issues --- History of engineering & technology --- low-carbon energy --- UCG technology --- grouting --- solidification soil --- soil air --- statistic model --- soil contamination --- atmospheric geochemical survey --- environmental burden --- underground coal gasification (UCG) --- optimization --- syngas --- calorific value --- optimal control --- operating variables --- control algorithm --- coal gasification --- rocks --- coal seam --- material balance --- heat balance --- tightness --- gas --- underground coal gasification --- georeactor --- char --- melted waste rock --- gas permeability --- tortuosity --- porosity --- measurement --- temperature --- regression --- model --- analyses --- cavity --- lignite --- UCG --- ex situ tests --- high temperature --- strength and structural parameters of rocks after heating --- destruction zone around gasified channel --- SNG --- UCG wastewater --- environmental impact assessment --- correlation analysis --- effluents --- n/a
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