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Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD) are T cell-mediated organ-specific autoimmune disorders resulting from an immune dysregulation leading to a thyroid immune attack (Antonelli and Benvenga). Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis are the two main clinical presentations of AITD, and their clinical hallmarks are thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, respectively. In many cases, AITD may be associated in the same patient with other organ-specific autoimmune attacks (such as in the case of type II autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, or type I diabetes, etc). Furthermore, AITD and thyroid function abnormalities have been frequently described in patients with systemic rheumatologic autoimmune diseases. Conversely, patients affected with the above mentioned autoimmune disorders are more frequently affected by AITD. In this Research Topic, constituted by nineteen papers, we review and discuss new evidence about the association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with AITD. Among other organ-specific autoimmune disorders, the associations of AITD with chronic autoimmune gastritis (Cellini et al.), vitiligo (Baldini E et al.), lichen (Guarneri et al.), psoriasis (Ruffilli et al.), myasthenia gravis (Lopomo and Berrih-Aknin) and glomerulopathies (Santoro et al.) have been treated. Also the associations of AITD, in systemic autoimmune diseases have been treated (as Sjögren’s syndrome, Baldini C et al.; systemic sclerosis, Fallahi et al.; systemic lupus erythematosus, Ferrari et al.; Antiphospholipid syndrome, Versini; sarcoidosis, Fazzi et al.; the autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants, Watad et al.; rheumatoid arthritis, Bliddal et al.; Hepatitis C Virus and mixed cryoglobulinemia, Ferri et al.; and, psoriathic arthritis, Ruffilli et al.). Furthermore peculiar aspects associated with post partum thyroiditis have been reviewed too (Di Bari et al., Le Donne et al.). The exact pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the above reported associations are not completely known. It has been hypothesized that the influence of genetic (Coppedè), and environmental factors (Antonelli and Benvenga), could lead to the onset of autoimmune phenomena in different organs in the same subject, characterized by predominance of a Th1 immune pattern at the beginning, and in the active phase of these disorders. In conclusion, an association of other autoimmune diseases in patients with thyroid autoimmunity has been shown, and this Research Topic provides an extensive update of the literature, and suggests interesting points for new investigations.

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus --- Vitiligo --- Autoimmune Gastritis --- Sarcoidosis --- Sj --- Systemic Sclerosis --- Thyroid Autoimmunity

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A screenshot of some the most rapidly evolving fields in Neonatology and Pediatrics with articles reviewing some metabolic dysregulations as well as non-oncologic diseases that may occur in infancy, childhood, youth. The illustrative material with original photographs and drawings highlighting some pathogenetic concepts are keystones of this book.

interferon signature score --- interferonopathies --- n/a --- rat model --- pulmonary hypertension --- neurological symptoms --- early-onset sarcoidosis --- sialidosis --- sialidosis I --- children --- mediastinitis --- bilirubin encephalopathy --- Blau syndrome --- myocardial dysfunction --- cardiopulmonary bypass --- neuropathology --- bacteremia --- tissue doppler imaging --- HD-OCT --- biostatistics --- continuous insulin infusion system --- infants --- RNFL --- biomarkers --- diagnosis --- somatosensory evoked potential --- Paediatric sarcoidosis --- diabetic retinopathy --- brain damage --- tonsillectomy --- hybrid closed-loop system --- cytopathology --- neuraminidase --- subcutaneous emphysema --- continuous glucose monitor --- respiratory syncytial virus --- data sharing --- complication --- lysosomal storage disease --- echocardiography --- ONH --- systemic lupus erythematosus --- NT-proBNP --- preterm brain --- head and neck --- inter-laboratory variability --- GSH --- insulin pump --- high-risk sarcoidosis --- type 1 diabetes --- hypoxia-ischemia --- Tei index --- sialidosis II --- mediastinal emphysema --- newborn --- diabetes technology --- diagnostics --- lysosomal exocytosis --- kernicterus --- cerebral palsy --- choroidal thickness --- oxidative stress --- Children --- Pediatrics. --- Diseases. --- Paediatrics --- Pediatric medicine --- Medicine --- Childhood diseases --- Children's diseases --- Diseases of children --- Juvenile diseases --- Pediatrics --- Diseases --- Health and hygiene

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The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers on September 11, 2001, also referred as 9/11, was an iconic event in US history that altered the global and political response to terrorism. The attacks, which involved two planes hitting the twin towers in Lower Manhattan, New York City, resulted in the collapse of the buildings and over 2800 deaths of occupants of the buildings, fire, police and other responders and persons on the street in the vicinity of the collapsing buildings. The destroyed towers and the surrounding buildings have since been replaced but the health effects that resulted from the release of tons of dust, gases and debris as well as the life threat trauma are ongoing, and represent a major health burden among persons directly exposed. Hundreds of scientific publications have documented the physical and mental health effects attributed to the disaster. The current state-of-the-art in understanding the ongoing interactions of physical and mental health, especially PTSD, and the unique mechanisms by which pollutants from the building collapse, have resulted in long term pulmonary dysfunction, course of previously reported conditions, potential emerging conditions (e.g., heart disease and autoimmune diseases), as well as quality of life, functioning and unmet health care needs would be in the purview of this Special Issue on the 9/11 Disaster.

n/a --- asthma outcomes --- health insurance --- mental health --- handgrip strength --- WTC --- cognitive reserve --- disaster epidemiology --- surveillance bias --- cardiac sarcoidosis --- lung function --- lung injury --- treatment utilization --- injury --- Cox regression --- lower Manhattan residents --- chronic sinusitis --- social support --- indoor allergens sensitization --- respiratory function --- FDNY --- asthma control --- sarcoidosis --- asthma --- 9/11 impact --- physical health --- rescue/recovery workers --- chronic disease --- evidence-based treatment --- irritant(s) --- fibrosis --- unmet mental health care needs --- airway hyperreactivity --- asthma quality of life --- Short Form-12 (SF-12) --- WTC-related asthma --- longitudinal analysis --- forced oscillation --- thyroid cancer --- psychotherapy --- cognitive decline --- 9/11 disaster --- severe lung disease --- prevalence --- inflammation --- pulmonary function tests --- World Trade Center disaster --- disaster mental health --- epidemiological studies --- obstructive sleep apnea --- counseling --- sleepiness --- PTSD --- hazard function --- cleaning practices --- air pollution --- aging --- stressful life events --- airway physiology --- screening --- PTSD cluster --- latent class analysis --- retirement --- environmental health --- World Trade Center --- quality improvement --- pulmonary fibrosis --- WTC attack --- dust --- PCL score --- WTC responders --- mini asthma quality of life questionnaire --- biomarkers --- HQoL --- health-related quality of life --- Scadding stage --- 9/11 --- firefighters --- allergen exposure --- metabolic syndrome --- neuropathic symptoms --- small airway disease --- Asian Americans --- asthma morbidity --- PTSD symptom change --- WTC survivors --- trigger(s) --- World Trade Center exposure --- occupational exposure --- peripheral neuropathy --- disaster --- respiratory symptoms --- mental health treatment --- genetics --- mental health service utilization --- comorbid insomnia --- sleep-related quality of life --- World Trade Center attack --- immunoglobulin E --- mental health service use --- income loss --- paresthesia --- World Trade Center (WTC) --- fibrotic sarcoid --- depression --- post-disaster --- mental health conditions --- extrathoracic sarcoidosis --- medical imaging

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With the development of analytical instruments, the academic system has become more complicated, producing new journals one after another. Therefore, it became much important to clarify what is original of “Medicines”. As the name Medicines indicates, it includes science and practice of caring for a patient and managing the diagnosis, prognosis, prevention, treatment or palliation of their injury or disease. Therefore, Medicines differs from other journals with similar title in that it covers a wide range of fields, from traditional medicine to rapidly developing molecular-targeted drugs, focusing on their pharmacological effects, structure–activity relationships, metabolic pathways, gene expression, using cultured cells, animals, and clinical trials. Most parts of this Special Issue were written by our editorial board members, who described the research topics and how they are engaged in their field of research. All of these articles are their life-long story. We collected a total number of 22 original works by basic researchers and clinical doctors. We hope that readers can get a chance to know the current status of diverse fields of medicines, and what your most important research themes are after reading these articles.

Hedychium --- traditional medicine --- coronarin D --- villosin --- anti-acetylcholinesterase --- antidiabetic --- anti-inflammatory --- antimicrobial --- antioxidant --- antitumor --- Genista tridentata --- Pterospartum tridentatum --- isoflavones --- flavonols --- genistein --- biochanin A --- rutin --- daidzein --- inflammatory bowel disease --- Crohn’s disease --- ulcerative colitis --- extra-intestinal manifestations --- orofacial granulomatosis --- tag-like lesions --- cobblestoning --- mucogingivitis --- lip swelling --- aphthous stomatitis --- Angelicae Sinensis Radix --- Danggui --- granules --- herb --- multivariate analysis --- ultra-performance liquid chromatography --- Tai Chi --- qigong --- immune system --- immunity --- inflammation --- telemedicine --- remote monitoring --- GER-e-TEC --- elderly patient --- artificial intelligence --- geriatric syndromes --- detection of the precursory signs of decompensation of geriatric syndromes --- renal cell cancer --- genomic landscape --- targeted therapy --- tumor evolution --- tumor heterogeneity --- allergic rhinitis --- quercetin --- human CD4+ T cells --- Th1/Th2 cytokine balance --- modulation --- in vitro --- intravascular catheter --- CRBSI --- biofilm --- CVC --- antifouling --- chromone --- tumor specificity --- QSAR analysis --- apoptosis --- cell cycle analysis --- contrast-enhanced ultrasound --- hepatocellular carcinoma --- LI-RADS --- chronic liver disease --- granuloma annulare --- granulomatous disorders of the skin --- inflammatory skin conditions --- medical dermatology --- biliary tract cancer --- cholangiocarcinoma --- PARP --- BRCA --- olaparib --- rucaparib --- liver cancer --- pancreatic adenocarcinoma --- pancreatic cancer --- sarcoidosis --- superior vena cava syndrome --- venous thrombosis --- RUCAM --- Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method --- diagnostic algorithm --- iDILI --- iDrug induced liver injury --- DILI --- HILI --- herb induced liver injury --- Stachys L. --- traditional uses --- pharmacological activities --- phytochemicals --- bioactive compounds --- Kampo formulae --- alkaline extract of Sasa sp. --- pine cone extract --- povidone-iodine --- HSV --- HIV --- loss of infectivity --- solubilization method --- diaphragmatic breathing --- abdominal breathing --- breathing exercise --- systematic review --- randomized controlled trial --- respiratory function --- auricular acupuncture --- preoperative anxiety --- protocol --- randomized controlled trials --- meta-analysis --- boiogito --- knee osteoarthritis --- rat --- Yokukansan --- fentanyl --- transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) channel --- phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (pERK) --- whole-cell patch-clamp recording --- herbal medicine --- calcium metabolism --- bone metabolism --- protease --- osteoclast --- macrophage --- RANKL --- LPS --- TLR4 --- TREM2