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Past research has comprehensively assessed the capabilities of satellite sensors operating at microwave frequencies, both active (SAR, scatterometers) and passive (radiometers), for the remote sensing of Earth’s surface. Besides brightness temperature and backscattering coefficient, microwave indices, defined as a combination of data collected at different frequencies and polarizations, revealed a good sensitivity to hydrological cycle parameters such as surface soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow depth and its water equivalent. The differences between microwave backscattering and emission at more frequencies and polarizations have been well established in relation to these parameters, enabling operational retrieval algorithms based on microwave indices to be developed. This Special Issue aims at providing an overview of microwave signal capabilities in estimating the main land parameters of the hydrological cycle, e.g., soil moisture, vegetation water content, and snow water equivalent, on both local and global scales, with a particular focus on the applications of microwave indices.

time series analysis --- passive microwave soil moisture --- Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 --- Snow Depth and Snow Water Equivalent --- snow cover characteristics --- vegetation biomass --- roughness --- sea ice --- SMOS --- microwave radiometry --- soil moisture downscaling --- Vegetation Biomass --- vegetation index --- Terra MODIS --- Sentinel-1 --- Microwave Indices --- soil moisture content --- dual-frequency ratios --- SMAP --- passive microwave --- water-cloud model --- snow --- Sentinel-1 backscatter --- AMSR2 --- data fusion --- microwaves --- mountain region --- SAR --- start of season --- crops --- NDVI --- scatterometer --- Radarsat-2 --- polarization --- vegetation water content --- co-pol ratio --- active microwaves --- microwave indices --- harvest --- Microwave Radiometry --- soil moisture --- Soil Moisture Content --- snow correlation length --- radiometer --- radar --- soil scattering --- vegetation descriptor --- scale gap --- snow water equivalent

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This Special Issue reprint presents articles from researchers working on materials processing via electron beams as well as on their characterization, properties, and applications. The articles presented cover various topics, including metal melting and welding, additive manufacturing, electron beam irradiation, electron beam lithography, process modeling, etc.

electron-beam welding --- welded metal structure --- dynamic positioning of an electron beam --- electron beam --- additive manufacturing --- titanium alloys --- wire feed process --- residual stresses --- mechanical properties --- EBI --- γ-ray --- GC-MS --- FT-IR --- larch sapwood --- wood extractives --- melting --- melting temperature --- numerical simulation --- electron beam additive manufacturing --- nanoindentation --- strain rate sensitivity --- creep --- corn starch --- potato starch --- moisture content --- specific heat capacity --- pH --- color parameters --- copper technogenic material --- thermodynamic analysis --- removal efficiency --- patterned sapphire substrate --- electron etching --- gold --- cathodoluminescent analysis --- anisotropy --- light-emitting diodes --- windows --- electron beam welding --- aluminum 6082 --- porosity --- beam figure --- electron-beam lithography --- Monte Carlo method --- proximity function --- electrons scattering --- technogenic Co–Cr–Mo alloy --- electron beam recycling --- refining process --- degree of removal

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Since process models are nowadays ubiquitous in many applications, the challenges and alternatives related to their development, validation, and efficient use have become more apparent. In addition, the massive amounts of both offline and online data available today open the door for new applications and solutions. However, transforming data into useful models and information in the context of the process industry or of bio-systems requires specific approaches and considerations such as new modelling methodologies incorporating the complex, stochastic, hybrid and distributed nature of many processes in particular. The same can be said about the tools and software environments used to describe, code, and solve such models for their further exploitation. Going well beyond mere simulation tools, these advanced tools offer a software suite built around the models, facilitating tasks such as experiment design, parameter estimation, model initialization, validation, analysis, size reduction, discretization, optimization, distributed computation, co-simulation, etc. This Special Issue collects novel developments in these topics in order to address the challenges brought by the use of models in their different facets, and to reflect state of the art developments in methods, tools and industrial applications.

polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fiber --- n/a --- coagulation bath --- binder dissolution --- sensitivity analysis --- simulation --- neural networks --- kernel development --- thermodynamics --- phytochemicals --- wave resonance --- natural extracts --- population balance model --- optimization --- vane --- parameter estimation --- grey-box model --- observability --- optimal clustering --- energy --- idling test --- data-mining --- extents --- computational fluid dynamics --- scrap dissolution --- Combined Heat and Power --- dynamic optimization --- scrap melting --- swelling --- engineering --- dry-jet wet spinning process --- fluid bed granulation --- point estimation method --- algebraic modeling language --- Design of Experiments --- costing stopping --- materials --- hydration --- SOS programming --- kinetics --- moisture content --- CHP legislation --- model predictive control --- graph theory --- robust optimization --- dynamic converter modelling --- partial least square regression --- uncertainty --- state decoupling --- utility management --- fluidized bed drying --- reactor coolant pump --- condensation --- wheat germ --- cooking --- maximum wave amplitude --- moving horizon estimation --- gray-box model --- chemistry --- barley --- machine learning --- heat and mass balance --- equality constraints --- porridge --- process model validation --- Pharmaceutical Processes --- mathematical model --- model identification --- Mammalian Cell Culture --- process modeling --- parameter correlation

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The Special Issue collects papers showing the progress made in key areas of photogrammetry and remote sensing such as modern and/or forthcoming sensors, improvements in data processing strategies and assessment of their reliability, application of innovations as proof of the contribution offered in the observation of the natural and built environment with better understanding of phenomena at required spatial scale.

VHR tri-stereo satellite imagery --- digital elevation model --- isolated objects --- dense image matching --- change detection --- natural disasters --- deep learning --- threshold selection --- optical flow estimation --- Structure from Motion (SfM) --- 3D reconstruction --- noise estimation --- point clouds --- roughness --- surface reconstruction --- mesh model --- visibility constraints --- volumetric methods --- dense point cloud --- multiple view stereo (MVS) --- dense image matching (DIM) --- photogrammetry --- computer vision --- Copernicus --- Sentinel-1 --- Sentinel-2 --- InSAR --- damage proxy map --- Beirut --- Lebanon --- explosion --- radiometric calibration --- modeling --- geometric error --- high-precision calibration --- n/a --- preprocessing --- enhancement --- point cloud --- image processing --- image histogram --- UAV --- camera calibration --- GNSS-assisted block orientation --- dome effect --- Monte Carlo simulation --- soil moisture content --- artificial neural network --- sample optimization --- synthetic aperture radar --- optical remote sensing image

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Thank you for reaching for this book. It is a summary of the research presented at the 6th International Conference on Renewable Energy Sources (ICORES19), which took place in Krynica, Poland, in June 2019. This event is the most recognizable scientific meeting connected to RES in Poland. From the very beginning, this conference has been a unique occasion for gathering Polish and international researchers’ perspectives on renewable energy sources and balancing them against governmental policy considerations. Accordingly, the conference has also offered panels to discuss best practices and solutions with local entrepreneurs and federal government bodies. The meeting attracts not only scientists but also industry representatives, as well as local and federal government personnel. We are open to new and fresh ideas concerning renewable energy, which is why so many scientists from Central and Eastern Europe visit Krynica to discuss the “Green Future” of this region. In 2019, the conference was organized by the University of Agriculture in Krakow, in cooperation with the AGH University of Science and Technology (Krakow), the State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilya, the University of Žilina, the International Commission of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering (CIGR) and the Polish Society of Agricultural Engineering. Honorary auspices were made by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland, the rector of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, the rector of the AGH University of Science and Technology and the rector of the State Agrarian and Engineering University in Podilya.

disc-mill --- efficiency --- carbon dioxide --- rice --- corn --- grinding --- refuse-derived fuel --- refuse-derived fuel (RDF) --- pellets --- durability --- density --- die --- design --- CFD --- combustion simulation --- stove --- thermal measurements --- cylindrical LED light coat --- tracking lighting --- photosynthetic microorganisms --- photobioreactor --- algae --- thermosiphon --- anti-gravity --- bubble pump --- solar collector --- passive heat transport --- exploitation of energy sources --- heating and ventilation systems --- pollutant emissions --- reduction of pollutant emissions --- single-family houses --- spent coffee grounds --- sawdust --- calorific value --- combustion --- laboratory-scale efficiency --- industrial-scale efficiency --- biomass conversion --- Biochemical Methane Potential Correction Coefficient --- loss prevention --- finite element modeling --- thermal imbalance of the ground source --- small-scale thermal energy storage --- FEFLOW --- ground source heat pump --- Borehole Heat Exchanger (BHE) --- decision support system --- briquettes production --- willow --- Miscanthus --- artificial neural network --- multilayer perceptron --- drying --- compaction --- biomass --- mechanical durability --- specific density --- Scots pine --- biogas --- renewable energy --- poultry slaughterhouse waste --- management --- pressure compaction --- moisture content --- solid density --- Cup plant --- Virginia mallow --- Giant miscanthus --- perennial biomass --- greenhouse gases --- agriculture --- slow release fertilizers --- Chinese cabbage