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Phenolics are commonly available compounds in foods, beverages, and spices. They have great importance in all aspects of daily life including industry, health, and research. As such, this book presents a comprehensive overview of phenolic compounds and their potential applications in industry, environment, and public health. Chapters cover such topics as the production of these compounds and their uses in environmental sustainability, climate change, green industry, and treatment of human disease.
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The economic performance of organic farms is mixed, with considerable variation in the yields achieved and the premiums received for products within and across OECD countries. This publication reveals that organic agriculture is disadvantaged by current agricultural support policies, and the proliferation of standards and labels has sometimes confused consumers and impeded trade. A key policy challenge is to ensure that both the positive and negative externalities of different agricultural production systems are taken into account.
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To celebrate the 270th anniversary of the De Gruyter publishing house, the company is providing permanent open access to 270 selected treasures from the De Gruyter Book Archive. Titles will be made available to anyone, anywhere at any time that might be interested. The DGBA project seeks to digitize the entire backlist of titles published since 1749 to ensure that future generations have digital access to the high-quality primary sources that De Gruyter has published over the centuries.
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The current conception of organic farming is the result of nearly a century of intellectual thought and dialogue, field observations and experiences, systematic experimentation, and codification of rules. Debates on the future viability of organic farming often focus on its capacity to produce sufficient food to meet the demands of a growing human population. Yet any thorough examination of the pros and cons of alternative farming approaches should consider much more--for example the side effects on soil, water and air; energy and land-use efficiency; global warming potential; conservation of biodiversity; waste generation and recycling; farmer and community well-being; animal welfare; and the capacity to function and meet demands long into the future. The chapters in this book represent perspectives on organic farming and food systems from widely different academic disciplines and different regions of the world. They include replicated field experiments, modelling, systems analysis, case studies and literature reviews. The findings, interpretations, and ideas shared will likely generate as many questions as answers, but asking the relevant and difficult questions is as critical as finding the right answers. This diverse group of authors makes interesting and useful contributions to our ongoing conversations about food, agriculture and the evolution of organic farming.
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The book 'Organic Synthesis - A Nascent Relook' is a compendium of the recent progress in all aspects of organic chemistry including bioorganic chemistry, organo-metallic chemistry, asymmetric synthesis, heterocyclic chemistry, natural product chemistry, catalytic, green chemistry and medicinal chemistry, polymer chemistry, as well as analytical methods in organic chemistry. The book presents the latest developments in these fields. The chapters are written by chosen experts who are internationally known for their eminent research contributions. Organic synthesis is the complete chemical synthesis of a target molecule. In this book, special emphasis is given to the synthesis of various bioactive heterocycles. Careful selection of various topics in this book will serve the rightful purpose for the chemistry community and the industrial houses at all levels.
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Organophosphorus chemistry is an important discipline within organic chemistry. Phosphorus compounds, such as phosphines, trialkyl phosphites, phosphine oxides (chalcogenides), phosphonates, phosphinates and >P(O)H species, etc., may be important starting materials or intermediates in syntheses. Let us mention the Wittig reaction and the related transformations, the Arbuzov- and the Pudovik reactions, the Kabachnik-Fields condensation, the Hirao reaction, the Mitsunobu reaction, etc. Other reactions, e.g., homogeneous catalytic transformations or C-C coupling reactions involve P-ligands in transition metal (Pt, Pd, etc.) complex catalysts. The synthesis of chiral organophosphorus compounds means a continuous challenge.Methods have been elaborated for the resolution of tertiary phosphine oxides and for stereoselective organophosphorus transformations. P-heterocyclic compounds, including aromatic and bridged derivatives, P-functionalized macrocycles, dendrimers and low coordinated P-fragments, are also of interest. An important segment of organophosphorus chemistry is the pool of biologically-active compounds that are searched and used as drugs, or as plant-protecting agents. The natural analogue of P-compounds may also be mentioned. Many new phosphine oxides, phosphinates, phosphonates and phosphoric esters have been described, which may find application on a broad scale. Phase transfer catalysis, ionic liquids and detergents also have connections to phosphorus chemistry. Green chemical aspects of organophosphorus chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted syntheses,solvent-free accomplishments, optimizations, and atom-efficient syntheses) represent a dynamically developing field. Last, but not least, theoretical approaches and computational chemistry are also a strong sub-discipline within organophosphorus chemistry.
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This book provides a comprehensive overview of organic fertilizers and their importance in sustainable agriculture, biodiversity, and the environment. It presents new approaches, ideas, and trends on how to increase the effectiveness of chemical fertilizers as well as the resistance of plants against biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Chapters address such topics as the benefits of organic fertilizers over their chemical counterparts, vermicomposting, organic farming, insects in organic fertilizer production, and much more.
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Bisphenols are a group of abundant environmental chemicals. Many bisphenol derivatives, including bisphenol A (BPA), are used to manufacture plastics, epoxy resins, and other products. Thus, human exposure to bisphenols is inevitable. BPA may cause reproductive, developmental, and systemic toxic effects and there are questions about its potential impact, particularly on children's health and the environment. Due to these concerns, new alternatives are now being used; however, these alternatives also have a bisphenol chemical structure and may lead to toxicity in humans. This book focuses on the toxicity mechanisms, pathological conditions, detection methods, and regulations of bisphenol derivatives. It presents the latest findings on the toxic effects of BPA, diseases that may be related to bisphenol exposure, and the regulations of the US Food and Drug Administration, European Food Safety Authority, and European Union.
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Chirality is a concept related not only to organic chemistry but also to each field of natural science. Awareness of hierarchy is important for universal and comprehensive understanding. As such, this book examines myriad subjects related to chirality in chemistry and interdisciplinary applications. In contrast to the previous book, this new book about chirality includes contributions from authors in many fields of natural science, providing a wider overview. The book's focus is chirality and organic chemistry, including synthesis and reactions.
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Organic crop production is the science and art of growing field crops, fruits, vegetables, and flowers by adopting the essential principles of organic agriculture in soil building and conservation, pest management, and heirloom variety conservation. This book provides detailed insights into organic farming in agriculture, biological efficacy in the management of plant diseases, organic nutrient management, socio-economic dimensions of adoption of conservation practices, nonchemical weed control, plant growth promoting fungi for phytostimulation, nanotechnological approaches, and finally vermicomposting. The book primarily focuses on research and development based organic agriculture and horticulture production technologies, and has attempted to abridge information on organic crop production of the major food grain crops. The book also contains comprehensive information on the various related dimensions of organic crop production.
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