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Oni, ubiquitous supernatural figures in Japanese literature, lore, art, and religion, usually appear as demons or ogres. Characteristically threatening, monstrous creatures with ugly features and fearful habits, including cannibalism, they also can be harbingers of prosperity, beautiful and sexual, and especially in modern contexts, even cute and lovable. There has been much ambiguity in their character and identity over their long history. Usually male, their female manifestations convey distinctively gendered social and cultural meanings. Oni appear frequently in various arts and media.

Spirits. --- Invisible world --- Folk-lore, Japanese --- Supernatural. --- Legends --- Folklore --- Demonology --- Powers (Christian theology) --- Supernatural --- Fear of spirits --- Religion --- Miracles --- Spirits

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Dutch Reformed pastor Balthasar Bekker (1634-1698) has long been recognized as a key figure in the end of the witchcraft persecutions in early modern Europe. With the publication of his monumental four-volume work The World Bewitched Bekker argued against the temporal activity of the devil and evil spirits as well as against the reality of witchcraft, sorcery, and spirit possession. Yet Bekker's ideas drew opposition from Dutch Reformed clergymen who charged that his use of Cartesian philosophy to reject the temporal activity of spirits threatened much of traditional religious faith. This book argues that it wa Bekker's exegesis of biblical passages in which spirits and spirit activity were mentioned that was a far greater threat than his Cartesian metaphysics to the literal interpretation of the Bible which was the intellectual cornerstone of Dutch reformed confessionalism, dominant in the church since the Synod of Dordrecht (1618-1619). With an examination of the ideas of Bekker, his opponents and supporters, this book places the controversy around The World Bewitched within the context of the Cartesian debates of the seventeenth century and the growth of confessionalism within the Dutch Reformed church.

Spirits --- Esprits --- History of doctrines --- Histoire des doctrines --- 17e siècle --- Bekker, Balthasar, --- Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk --- Doctrines --- History --- -Invisible world --- Powers (Christian theology) --- Supernatural --- Fear of spirits --- -Bekker, Balthasar --- -NHK --- Nederlandsch Hervormde Kerk --- Netherlands Reformed Church --- Dutch Reformed Church --- Protestantse Kerk in Nederland --- -History --- -Spirits --- -History of doctrines --- -Doctrines --- 17e siècle --- Invisible world --- NHK --- Bekker, Balthazar --- 17th century --- Religion. --- History. --- Modern philosophy. --- Philosophy of mind. --- Religious Studies, general. --- History, general. --- Modern Philosophy. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Philosophy --- Cognitive science --- Metaphysics --- Philosophical anthropology --- Modern philosophy --- Annals --- Auxiliary sciences of history --- Religion, Primitive --- Atheism --- Irreligion --- Religions --- Theology --- Spirits. --- Becker, Balthasar --- Bekker (balthasar) --- Pays-bas --- Eglises reformees --- Confession de la foi --- Vie religieuse --- 17e siecle --- Histoire

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Water sprites, mountain goblins, shape-shifting animals, and the monsters known as yôkai have long haunted the Japanese cultural landscape. This history of the strange and mysterious in Japan seeks out these creatures in folklore, encyclopedias, literature, art, science, games, manga, magazines, and movies, exploring their meanings in the Japanese cultural imagination and offering an abundance of valuable and, until now, understudied material. Michael Dylan Foster tracks yôkai over three centuries, from their appearance in seventeenth-century natural histories to their starring role in twentieth-century popular media. Focusing on the intertwining of belief and commodification, fear and pleasure, horror and humor, he illuminates different conceptions of the "natural" and the "ordinary" and sheds light on broader social and historical paradigms-and ultimately on the construction of Japan as a nation.

Animals, Mythical --- Supernatural. --- Spirits. --- Invisible world --- Supernatural --- Fear of spirits --- Religion --- Miracles --- Creatures, Fabled --- Fabled creatures --- Fabulous animals --- Fabulous creatures --- Fantastic animals --- Fictitious animals --- Imaginary animals --- Legendary animals --- Mythical animals --- Zoological mythology --- Animals --- Dragons --- Mythology --- Japan --- al-Yābān --- Giappone --- Government of Japan --- Iapōnia --- I︠A︡ponii︠a︡ --- Japam --- Japani --- Japão --- Japon --- Japonia --- Japonsko --- Japonya --- Jih-pen --- Mư̄ang Yīpun --- Nihon --- Nihon-koku --- Nihonkoku --- Nippon --- Nippon-koku --- Nipponkoku --- Prathēt Yīpun --- Riben --- State of Japan --- Yābān --- Yapan --- Yīpun --- Zhāpān --- Япония --- اليابان --- يابان --- 日本 --- 日本国 --- Spirits --- J1723.80 --- J1723 --- J4120 --- J4150 --- J5620 --- Japan: Religion in general -- demonology --- Japan: Religion in general -- primitive religions -- general popular beliefs and folk religion --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- social psychology and social-cultural phemomena --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- customs, folklore and culture --- Japan: Literature -- folk tales, fairy tales, mukashibanashi, ghost stories --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- social psychology and social-cultural phenomena --- Jepun --- Yapon --- Yapon Ulus --- I︠A︡pon --- Япон --- I︠A︡pon Uls --- Япон Улс --- ayakashi. --- belief. --- commodification. --- demons. --- east asian cultural studies. --- horror. --- human electricity. --- humor. --- japan. --- japanese cultural imagination. --- japanese culture. --- japanese folklore. --- kanji. --- kokkuri. --- malevolent. --- mamono. --- minzokugaku. --- mischievous. --- mizuki shigeru. --- modernity. --- mononoke. --- monsters. --- mountain goblins. --- natural history. --- shape shifting animals. --- spirits. --- spooky stories. --- supernatural monsters. --- toriyama sekien. --- water sprites. --- yokai.