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U.S.-China relations became increasingly important and complex in the twentieth century. While economic, political, and military interactions all grew over time, the most dramatic expansion took place in educational exchange, turning it into the strongest tie between the two nations. By the end of the 1940's, tens of thousands of Chinese and American students and scholars had crisscrossed the Pacific, leaving indelible marks on both societies. Although all exchange programs were terminated during the cold war, the two nations reemerged as top partners within a decade after the reestablishment of diplomatic relations. Approaching U.S.-China relations from a unique and usually overlooked perspective, Hongshan Li reveals that both the drastic expansion and complete termination of educational ties between the two nations in the first half of the twentieth century were largely the results of direct and deep intervention from the American and Chinese governments. Benefiting from government support and collaboration, educational exchange succeeded in diffusing knowledge and improving mutual understanding between the two peoples across the divide of civilizations. However, the visible hand of government also proved to be most destructive to the development of healthy intercultural relations when educational interactions were treated merely as an instrument for crisis management.
Educational exchanges --- China --- United States --- Relations
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Over the past two decades, international cooperation in higher education has become the norm in China and around the world. To exemplify these relationships, this edited volume devotes individual chapters to case studies of China-U.S. international higher education partnerships focused on 1) Collaborative graduate programs; 2) Research collaborations; 3) Student mobility; 4) Multi-institution collaborations; 5) Cultural exchanges; and 6) Branch campuses. These case studies will illuminate the strategies, challenges, and perceived benefits of cross-national collaboration. Case studies are bookended with introductory and concluding chapters that link cooperative activities to theory on diplomacy (including Western “soft diplomacy” and Chinese five principles of “peaceful coexistence” narratives); internationalization of higher education; and reflections on student and scholar mobility between Chinese and US institutions.
Educational exchanges --- United States --- China --- Relations
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Educational exchanges. --- International education. --- Global education --- Education --- Intellectual cooperation --- Internationalism --- Exchanges, Educational --- International educational exchanges --- Exchange of persons programs
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Until the early twentieth century, teachers went abroad with assumptions of their own superiority. But by the mid-twentieth century, they became far more self-questioning about their social assumptions, their educational theories, and the complexity of their role in a foreign society. Drawing on extensive archives of teachers' letters and accounts, Zimmerman's narrative explores the teachers' shifting attitudes about their country and themselves, in a world that was more unexpected than they could have imagined.
Educational exchanges --- Teachers --- Faculty (Education) --- Instructors --- School teachers --- Schoolteachers --- School employees --- Exchanges, Educational --- International educational exchanges --- Intellectual cooperation --- Exchange of persons programs --- History
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Provides the attributes of American and Chinese students and scholars who have moved between China and the United States since 1978. This book supplies quantitative data on their fields of study, length of stay, and financial resources, and discusses qualitative issues such as the problems students and scholars encounter in carrying out work.
Educational exchanges --- American students --- Chinese students --- Students --- United States --- China --- Relations
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This book-the first to study educational travel between France and the United States throughout the twentieth century-asserts that study abroad is a valuable form of international relations based on the transformations that students' perceptions of themselves, their culture, and their host country undergo during their time abroad.
Educational exchanges --- Foreign study --- Internationalism --- National characteristics, American --- National characteristics, French --- History. --- France --- United States --- Relations
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Short-term student exchanges can offer valuable opportunities for intercultural learning and to engage in intercultural communication using English (the language focus in this Element). However, research and educational practices often assume that the most effective intercultural learning occurs through interactions with local individuals in 'target' culture learning and adherence to standard English language norms. These assumptions overlook important learning opportunities from interactions in culturally and linguistically diverse settings as features of many international exchange experiences. This Element proposes a perspective in student exchange research and practice that reflects this diversity and encompasses the intercultural learning model of intercultural awareness, intercultural citizenship education, and Global Englishes.
Educational exchanges. --- Foreign study. --- English language --- Intercultural communication. --- International education. --- Study and teaching --- Foreign speakers. --- Variation --- Foreign countries.
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In the first decade of the twenty-first century, American studies programs began to spread in the Middle East. During a time of rising anti-American sentiment, ten major programs were established in the region. What impulses propelled universities in the Middle East to establish these centers and programs? What motivated students to take courses and pursue degrees in American studies? In part, American studies programs developed as a way to “know the enemy,” to better understand America’s ubiquitous influence in foreign relations, technology, and culture; however, some programs grew because residents admired the ideals set forth as American, including democracy and free speech. Practicing Transnationalism investigates these issues and others, using the experiences and research of the editors and contributors, who worked either directly in these programs or as adjunct to them. These scholars seek to understand what American power means to people in the Middle East. They examine the challenge of developing American studies programs in a transnational paradigm, striving to build programs that are separate from and critical of American imperialism without simply becoming anti-American. In the essays, the contributors provide context for how the field of American studies has grown and developed, and they offer views of cultural interactions and classroom situations, demonstrating the problems instructors faced and how they worked to address them.
Transnationalism. --- Educational exchanges --- Education, Higher --- United States --- United States --- Study and teaching (Higher) --- Civilization --- Study and teaching
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