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Religious tolerance --- Tolérance religieuse --- Catholic Church --- History --- Eglise catholique --- Histoire --- Controversial literature --- Tolérance religieuse --- Tolerance, Religious --- Toleration --- Catholic Church&delete& --- Controversial literature. --- INTOLERANCE --- INQUISITION --- EGLISE CATHOLIQUE --- HISTOIRE --- intolérance catholique --- blasphémie --- hérésie --- le pouvoir civil --- persécution --- exclusion --- répression

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273.233 --- #GGSB: Kerkgeschiedenis (middeleeuwen) --- 273.233 Katharen --- Katharen --- Kerkgeschiedenis (middeleeuwen) --- CATHARES --- RELIGION --- Cathares --- Histoire --- les Cathares --- pauvre du Christ --- apôtres de Satan --- vox populi --- hérésie --- sectes --- historiographie --- christianisme austère --- évangélisme --- la vie apostolique --- l'Eglise --- contre-Eglise --- dissidence religieuse --- l'Inquisition --- le drame de Montségur

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Around the year 1215, female mystics and their sacramental devotion were among orthodoxy's most sophisticated weapons in the fight against heresy. Holy women's claims to be in direct communication with God placed them in positions of unprecedented influence. Yet by the end of the Middle Ages female mystics were frequently mistrusted, derided, and in danger of their lives. The witch hunts were just around the corner. While studies of sanctity and heresy tend to be undertaken separately, Proving Woman brings these two avenues of inquiry together by associating the downward trajectory of holy women with medieval society's progressive reliance on the inquisitional procedure. Inquisition was soon used for resolving most questions of proof. It was employed for distinguishing saints and heretics; it underwrote the new emphasis on confession in both sacramental and judicial spheres; and it heralded the reintroduction of torture as a mechanism for extracting proof through confession. As women were progressively subjected to this screening, they became ensnared in the interlocking web of proofs. No aspect of female spirituality remained untouched. Since inquisition determined the need for tangible proofs, it even may have fostered the kind of excruciating illnesses and extraordinary bodily changes associated with female spirituality. In turn, the physical suffering of holy women became tacit support for all kinds of earthly suffering, even validating temporal mechanisms of justice in their most aggressive forms. The widespread adoption of inquisitional mechanisms for assessing female spirituality eventuated in a growing confusion between the saintly and heretical and the ultimate criminalization of female religious expression.

Christian church history --- Christian spirituality --- anno 1200-1499 --- anno 1100-1199 --- Women --- Church history --- Mysticism --- Women mystics --- Christian heresies --- Inquisition. --- Femmes --- Eglise --- Mysticisme --- Femmes mystiques --- Hérésies chrétiennes --- Inquisition --- Religious life --- Religious aspects --- Christianity --- History --- Vie religieuse --- Aspect religieux --- Christianisme --- Histoire --- 248.2 "04/14" --- 248-055.2 --- -Church history --- -Mysticism --- -Women mystics --- -Heresy --- -Inquisition --- Holy Office --- Autos-da-fé --- Heresies --- Offenses against religion --- Apostasy --- Mystics --- Dark night of the soul --- Mystical theology --- Theology, Mystical --- Spiritual life --- Negative theology --- Ecclesiastical history --- History, Church --- History, Ecclesiastical --- Human females --- Wimmin --- Woman --- Womon --- Womyn --- Females --- Human beings --- Femininity --- Mystieke theologie. Mystiek. Mysticisme--Middeleeuwen --- Vrouwen en spiritualiteit --- -History --- Heresy --- Église --- Hérésie --- Heresy. --- Women mystics. --- Vrouwen. --- Mystiek. --- Inquisitie. --- Ketterij. --- femme --- Häresie. --- Frau. --- Spiritualität. --- Frauenmystik. --- History. --- Histoire. --- Middle Ages. --- Religious life. --- orthodoxie (conformité doctrinale) --- spiritualité --- 15e s. (1ère moitié) --- mystique chrétienne --- hérésie --- inquisition --- sainteté --- To 1500. --- Europe. --- -248.2 "04/14" --- 248-055.2 Vrouwen en spiritualiteit --- 248.2 "04/14" Mystieke theologie. Mystiek. Mysticisme--Middeleeuwen --- Femme --- Sainteté --- Mystique chrétienne --- Orthodoxie (conformité doctrinale) --- Spiritualité --- Hérésies chrétiennes --- Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- -Women

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While it has often been recognised that the development of Christian orthodoxy was stimulated by the speculations of those who are now called heretics, it is still widely assumed that their contribution was merely catalytic, that they called forth the exposition of what the main church already believed but had not yet been required to formulate. This book maintains that scholars have underrated the constructive role of these "heretical" speculations in the evolution of dogma, showing that salient elements in the doctrines of the fall, the Trinity and the union of God and man in Christ derive from teachings that were initially rejected by the main church. Mark Edwards also reveals how authors who epitomised orthodoxy in their own day sometimes favoured teachings which were later considered heterodox, and that their doctrines underwent radical revision before they became a fixed element of orthodoxy. The first half of the volume discusses the role of Gnostic theologians in the formation of catholic thought; the second half will offer an unfashionable view of the controversies which gave rise to the councils of Nicaea, Ephesus and Chalcedon . Many of the theories advanced here have not been broached elsewhere, and no synthesis on this scale had been attempted by other scholars. While this book proposes a revision in the scholarly perception of early Christendom, it also demonstrates the essential unity of the tradition.

Church history --- Church --- Theology, Doctrinal --- Heresy --- Gnosticism --- Eglise --- Théologie dogmatique --- Hérésie --- Gnosticisme --- Catholicity. --- History --- History. --- Histoire --- Catholicité --- -Church --- -Theology, Doctrinal --- -Heresy --- -Gnosticism --- -273 --- 260.114 --- Christian doctrines --- Christianity --- Doctrinal theology --- Doctrines, Christian --- Dogmatic theology --- Fundamental theology --- Systematic theology --- Theology, Dogmatic --- Theology, Systematic --- Theology --- Ecclesiastical theology --- Ecclesiology --- Theology, Ecclesiastical --- People of God --- Ecclesiastical history --- History, Church --- History, Ecclesiastical --- Heresies --- Offenses against religion --- Apostasy --- -History. --- Schisma's. Ketterijen --- De Kerk: éénheid; heiligheid; apostoliciteit: eigenschappen --- Doctrines --- RELIGION --- Christianity / Catholic --- Religion --- Philosophy & Religion --- Catholicity --- 260.114 De Kerk: éénheid; heiligheid; apostoliciteit: eigenschappen --- Théologie dogmatique --- Hérésie --- Catholicité --- Apostolic Church --- Church, Apostolic --- Early Christianity --- Early church --- Primitive and early church --- Primitive Christianity --- Universality --- Fathers of the church --- Great Apostasy (Mormon doctrine) --- 273 --- Church history - Primitive and early church, ca. 30-600. --- Church - Catholicity. --- Theology, Doctrinal - History - Early church, ca. 30-600. --- Heresy - History. --- Gnosticism - History. --- Christian orthodoxy --- heresy --- dogma --- Gnostic theology --- catholic thought --- early Christendom