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As a philosopher, psychologist, and physician, the German thinker Hermann Lotze (1817-81) defies classification. Working in the mid-nineteenth-century era of programmatic realism, he critically reviewed and rearranged theories and concepts in books on pathology, physiology, medical psychology, anthropology, history, aesthetics, metaphysics, logic, and religion. Leading anatomists and physiologists reworked his hypotheses about the central and autonomic nervous systems. Dozens of fin-de-siècle philosophical contemporaries emulated him, yet often without acknowledgment, precisely because he had made conjecture and refutation into a method. In spite of Lotze's status as a pivotal figure in nineteenth-century intellectual thought, no complete treatment of his work exists, and certainly no effort to take account of the feminist secondary literature. Hermann Lotze: An Intellectual Biography is the first full-length historical study of Lotze's intellectual origins, scientific community, institutional context, and worldwide reception.

Knowledge, Theory of --- Metaphysics --- Aristotle. --- Averroës, --- Giles, --- Aristoteles. --- Abū al-Walīd ibn Rushd, --- Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Abū el-Walīd ibn Roshd, --- Abuʼl-Walid Muhammad bin Rusjd, --- Alṿalid ibn Rushd, --- Averroè, --- Averróis, --- Bin Rusjd, Muhammad bin Ahmad, --- Ibn-e-Rushd, --- Ibn-i Rushd, --- Ibn Rashad, --- Ibn Rochd, --- Ibn Roshd, Abū el-Walīd, --- Ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Ruschd, --- Ibn Rušd, --- Ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Ibn Rushd, Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- Ibnu Rosjid, --- Ibnu Rusjd, --- ‏ابن رشد،‏ --- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Lotze, Hermann, --- Lotze, Rudolf Hermann, --- Lotze, Rudolph Hermann,

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Philosophy, Medieval --- Causation --- Philosophy & Religion --- Philosophy --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Medieval philosophy --- Scholasticism --- Averroës, --- Abū al-Walīd ibn Rushd, --- Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Abū el-Walīd ibn Roshd, --- Abuʼl-Walid Muhammad bin Rusjd, --- Alṿalid ibn Rushd, --- Averroè, --- Averróis, --- Bin Rusjd, Muhammad bin Ahmad, --- Ibn-e-Rushd, --- Ibn-i Rushd, --- Ibn Rashad, --- Ibn Rochd, --- Ibn Roshd, Abū el-Walīd, --- Ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Ruschd, --- Ibn Rušd, --- Ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Ibn Rushd, Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- Ibnu Rosjid, --- Ibnu Rusjd, --- ‏ابن رشد،‏ --- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd,

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The introduction of Aristotelianism into the West created conflict, disruption, and turmoil. Not least, it confronted the Middle Ages with a serious problem concerning the possible conflict between reason and faith. In part, the controversy surrounding Aristotelianism in the Christian world came from the Islamic channels through which much of the Aristotelian philosophical heritage came to the West. The great turning point of Christian thought, the point at which Christian intellectual history began to be dominated by Aristotelian patterns, began when Christian scholars were exposed not only to the philosophy of Aristotle, but also to the commentaries of Averroes. The names of Averroes and Aristotle became inextricably linked by the middle of the thirteenth century. A clear and careful analysis of the links between the thoughts of Averroes and Aristotle, an explication of the impact of Averroes' thought on Christian theology and on Aquinas in particular, this monograph is of crucial importance in the history of Christianity. It is emphatically apposite to the discussion of monistic and qualistic theological anthropologies. Further, the discussion throws light upon a topic which should be of much greater interest to scholars: the impact of Islam upon medieval Christian thought. Mohammed centres specifically upon Averroes' doctrine of immortality—a doctrine that posited immortality for man as a being entire, not merely for his soul.

Soul --- Immortality --- Philosophical anthropology --- History of doctrines --- History --- Averroës, --- -Philosophical anthropology --- -Soul --- -Pneuma --- Future life --- Theological anthropology --- Animism --- Spirit --- Anthropology, Philosophical --- Man (Philosophy) --- Civilization --- Life --- Ontology --- Humanism --- Persons --- Philosophy of mind --- Life after death --- Eschatology --- Immortalism --- -History --- -Philosophy --- Averroes --- -History of doctrines --- -Averroes --- Ibn Rochd --- Ibn Rušd al-Hafīd --- Ibn Rušd, Abū 'l-Walīd --- Muhammed Ibn Ahmad --- Pneuma --- Averroës, --- Abū al-Walīd ibn Rushd, --- Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Abū el-Walīd ibn Roshd, --- Abuʼl-Walid Muhammad bin Rusjd, --- Alṿalid ibn Rushd, --- Averroè, --- Averróis, --- Bin Rusjd, Muhammad bin Ahmad, --- Ibn-e-Rushd, --- Ibn-i Rushd, --- Ibn Rashad, --- Ibn Rochd, --- Ibn Roshd, Abū el-Walīd, --- Ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Ruschd, --- Ibn Rušd, --- Ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Ibn Rushd, Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- Ibnu Rosjid, --- Ibnu Rusjd, --- ‏ابن رشد،‏ --- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- History. --- Soul - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Immortality - History of doctrines - Middle Ages, 600-1500 --- Philosophical anthropology - History --- Averroës, - 1126-1198 --- Averroes,

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This book examines the studies of Aristotle's Poetics and its related texts in which three Medieval philosophers - Alfarabi, Avicenna and Averroes - proposed a conception of poetic validity (beauty), and a just relation between subjects in a community (goodness). The work considers the relation of the Poetics to other Aristotelian texts, the transmission of these works to the commentators' context, and the motivations driving the commentators' reception of the texts. The book focuses on issues central to the classical relation of beauty to truth and goodness.

Aesthetics. --- Beautiful, The --- Beauty --- Esthetics --- Taste (Aesthetics) --- Philosophy --- Art --- Criticism --- Literature --- Proportion --- Symmetry --- Psychology --- Fārābī. --- Avicenna, --- Averroës, --- Aristotle. --- Aristoteles. --- Ἀριστοτέλης. --- Abū al-Walīd ibn Rushd, --- Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Abū el-Walīd ibn Roshd, --- Abuʼl-Walid Muhammad bin Rusjd, --- Alṿalid ibn Rushd, --- Averroè, --- Averróis, --- Bin Rusjd, Muhammad bin Ahmad, --- Ibn-e-Rushd, --- Ibn-i Rushd, --- Ibn Rashad, --- Ibn Rochd, --- Ibn Roshd, Abū el-Walīd, --- Ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Ruschd, --- Ibn Rušd, --- Ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Ibn Rushd, Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- Ibnu Rosjid, --- Ibnu Rusjd, --- ‏ابن رشد،‏ --- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Al-Hosain ben Abdallah ben Sînâ, Abou Alî --- Avicenna Latinus --- Avicenne --- Avicene --- Ibn Sīnā, al-Husayn ibn 'Abd Allāh --- Al-Hoessein Ibn Abdoellah Ibn Sînâ, Abou Alî --- Abū Nasr Muhammed ibn Muhammed ibn Tarhān ibn Uzlag al-Farabi --- Alfarabius --- Alpharabius --- Fārābī --- Muhammed Ibn Muhammed (Abu Nasir) al-Farabi --- Radio broadcasting Aesthetics --- Aesthetics

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This book examines the contrasting interpretations of Islam and the Qur'an by Averroes and Al-Ghazali, as a way of helping us untangle current impasses affecting each Abrahamic faith. This has traditionally been portrayed as a battle between philosophy and theology, but the book shows that Averroes was rather more religious and Al-Ghazali more philosophical than they are usually portrayed. The book traces the interaction between two Muslim thinkers, showing how each is convinced of the existence of a Book in which God is revealed to rational beings, to whom He has given commandments,

Philosophy, Islamic. --- 297.181 --- Arabic philosophy --- Muslim philosophy --- Philosophy, Islamic --- Philosophy, Arab --- Islam: canonieke boeken; Koran --- Ghazzali, --- Averroes, --- Ibnu Rusjd, --- Ibnu Rosjid, --- Ibn Rushd, --- Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd, --- Ibn Roshd, Abū el-Walīd, --- Abū al-Walīd ibn Rushd, --- Abuʼl-Walid Muhammad bin Rusjd, --- Bin Rusjd, Muhammad bin Ahmad, --- Abū el-Walīd ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Rashad, --- Ibn Roshd, --- Ibn Rochd, --- Alṿalid ibn Rushd, --- Averroè, --- Ibn Rušd, --- Ibn Rushd al-Ḥafīd, --- Averróis, --- Ibn Rushd, Abul Walid Muhammad ibn Ahmad, --- Ibn Ruschd, --- Ibn-i Rushd, --- ‏ابن رشد،‏ --- Ibn-e-Rushd, --- Ġazālī, --- Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad al-Ghazzālī, --- Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Ghasali, --- Algazali, --- Algazel, --- Ghazālī, --- Al-Ghazali, --- Houjjatoul-Islam, --- Toussi, Mohamed Mohamed, --- Al-Ghazali, Mohamed Mohamed, --- Ebu Hâmid Muhammed el-Gazâlî, --- Abu Ḣomid Ghazzoliĭ, --- Ghazzoliĭ, Abu Ḣomid, --- Abū Ḳhamid Muḳhammad al-G̣azālī aṭ-Ṭūsī, --- Ṭūsī, Abū Ḣamid Muḥammad al-Ghazzālĭ, --- Al-G̣azālī, --- Imām Kassāli, --- Kassāli, Imām, --- Imam Ghazali, --- Ghazali, Imam, --- Imam Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, --- Al-Ghazali, Imam Abu Hamid, --- Imam Al-Ghazali, --- Al-Ghazali, Imam, --- Imam Gazali, --- Gazali, Imam, --- Ghazzoliĭ, Muḣammad ibn Muḣammad ibn Aḣmad Abu Ḣomid at-Tusiĭ, --- Abu Khamid alʹ-Gazali, --- Ghazālī, Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad, --- Ghazzālī, Abū Ḥāmid, --- Gazaly, Muhammet, --- Gazaly, M. --- אבוחאמד אלגזאלי, --- אלגזאלי, --- גאלדענטהאל, יעקב --- גזאלי, חאמד מחמד --- أبو حامد الغزالي --- أبو حامد محمد الغزالي --- ابو حامد محمد غزالى طوسى --- الغزالي --- الغزالي، أبو حامد، --- الغزالي، --- غزالى، --- غزالي --- غزالي، --- غوالي --- Ăbu̇-Khămid Mȯkhămmăd ăl-Gazali ăt-Tuci --- Koran --- Criticism, interpretation, etc. --- History. --- Islamic philosophy. --- Ghazzālī, --- Averroës, --- 297.181 Islam: canonieke boeken; Koran --- Islamic philosophy --- Averroës, --- Ghazzālī, --- Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad ibn Rushd, --- Ibn Rushd, Abū al-Walīd Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad, --- Qurʼan --- Al-Coran --- Al-Qur'an --- Alcorà --- Alcoran --- Alcorano --- Alcoranus --- Alcorão --- Alkoran --- Coran --- Curān --- Gulan jing --- Karan --- Koranen --- Korani --- Koranio --- Korano --- Ku-lan ching --- Ḳurʼān --- Kurāna --- Kurani --- Kuru'an --- Qorān --- Quräan --- Qurʼān al-karīm --- Qurʺon --- Xuraan --- Κοράνιο --- Каран --- Коран --- קוראן --- قرآن --- Ghazzālī