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This 2003 book offers a distinctive overview of the internal and external pressures responsible for the making of modern Japan. L. M. Cullen argues that Japanese policies and fears have often been caricatured in western accounts which have viewed the expansion of the west in an unduly positive light. He shows that Japan before 1854, far from being in progressive economic and social decay or political crisis, was on balance a successful society led by rational policymakers. He also shows how when an external threat emerged after 1793 the country became on balance more open rather than more oppressive and that Japan displayed remarkable success in negotiation with the western powers in 1853-68. In the twentieth century, however, with the 1889 constitution failing to control the armed forces and western and American interests encroaching in Asia and the Pacific, Japan abandoned realism and met her nemesis in China and the Pacific.

Japan --- History. --- Relations --- J3355 --- J3360 --- J3370 --- Japan: History -- Chūsei -- Azuchi-Momoyama period (1573-1615), unification of Japan --- Japan: History -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: History -- Kindai, modern period (1868 [1850s]- ) --- Relations. --- History --- Foreign countries --- Arts and Humanities

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J4430 --- J4000.60 --- J4010 --- J4300.60 --- J3360 --- J4166 --- J4190.21 --- J4196 --- Peasant uprisings --- -Peasants' uprisings --- Uprisings, Peasant --- Insurgency --- Revolutions --- Japan: Economy and industry -- agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting --- Japan: Social history, history of civilization -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: Social sciences in general -- ideology, socio-political and socio-economic movements --- Japan: Economy and industry -- history -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: History -- Kinsei, Edo, Tokugawa period, early modern (1600-1867) --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- communities, social classes and groups -- farmers, peasants --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- local communities and culture -- Tōhoku -- Fukushima prefecture (Iwashiro, Iwaki) --- Japan: Sociology and anthropology -- rural communities --- Fukushima-ken (Japan) --- -Japan --- Social conditions --- -J4430 --- -Japan: Economy and industry -- agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting --- -Peasant uprisings --- Japan --- Fukushima (Japan : Prefecture) --- Fukushima Prefecture (Japan) --- 福島県 (Japan) --- Social conditions. --- 1600-1868