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During the legislative process, many documents are prepared by Congress and its committees. Governmental and non-governmental entities track and record congressional activities, and many more entities chronicle and analyze the development of public policy. The wide availability of such information can be overwhelming to those involved in legislative research. The purpose of this book is to assist Members and congressional staff in identifying and accessing key resources used during legislative research.

Legislation --- Legislative bodies --- Research.

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Legislative bodies --- History. --- States --- United States.

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In an ideal world, the laws of Congress-known as federal statutes-would always be clearly worded and easily understood by the judges tasked with interpreting them. But many laws feature ambiguous or even contradictory wording. How, then, should judges divine their meaning? Should they stick only to the text? To what degree, if any, should they consult aids beyond the statutes themselves? Are the purposes of lawmakers in writing law relevant? Some judges, such as Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, believe courts should look to the language of the statute and virtually nothing else. Chief Jud

Law --- Legislative bodies --- Judicial process --- Statutes --- Interpretation and construction.

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This title argues that we can remake and renew our ideas of democracy. It builds, defends, and illustrates the democratic design framework - a new tool for politicians, reformers, and observers facing the great challenges of democracy around the world today.

Democracy. --- Legislative bodies --- Reform. --- Legislative reform --- Legislative reorganization --- Parliamentary reform --- Reform, Parliamentary --- Reform of legislative bodies --- Reorganization of legislative bodies --- Self-government --- Political science --- Equality --- Representative government and representation --- Republics --- Democracy --- Legislative bodies - Reform

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This book investigates the parliamentary negotiation of executive secrecy. Parliaments depend on information to fulfil their roles as the people’s representatives, legislators and overseers of the executive. However, there are examples of executive secrecy across all policy fields. How, then, do parliamentary actors try to reconcile secrecy and the normative demands of an open, democratic society? This volume analyses parliamentary arguments, conflicts and patterns of agreement around this topic in the case of Germany. Based on two case studies – intelligence agencies secrecy and Public Private Partnership secrecy – it argues that substantive justifications of secrecy focusing on necessity are highly contested. By contrast, procedural legitimation of secrecy, namely deciding about it democratically, is crucial. Still, there are inherent limits to the legitimation of executive secrecy. The book therefore underlines the fragility of secrecy’s legitimation, and its need for constant actualisation. Dorothee Riese is a political scientist currently working at Fernuniversität Hagen after appointments at Leipzig University and Universiteit Leiden, The Netherlands. She studied at Leipzig University and Sciences Po Paris and obtained her PhD from Leiden University. Dorothee is the 2017 Rudolf-Wildenmann-Prize winner for a paper on Public Private Partnership secrecy.

Politics --- Europese politiek --- Europe --- Legislative bodies --- Executive privilege (Government information)