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In the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, more than a thousand pirates poured from the Atlantic into the Indian Ocean. There, according to Kevin P. McDonald, they helped launch an informal trade network that spanned the Atlantic and Indian Ocean worlds, connecting the North American colonies with the rich markets of the East Indies. Rather than conducting their commerce through chartered companies based in London or Lisbon, colonial merchants in New York entered into an alliance with Euro-American pirates based in Madagascar. Pirates, Merchants, Settlers, and Slaves explores the resulting global trade network located on the peripheries of world empires and shows the illicit ways American colonists met the consumer demand for slaves and East India goods. The book reveals that pirates played a significant yet misunderstood role in this period and that seafaring slaves were both commodities and essential components in the Indo-Atlantic maritime networks. Enlivened by stories of Indo-Atlantic sailors and cargoes that included textiles, spices, jewels and precious metals, chinaware, alcohol, and drugs, this book links previously isolated themes of piracy, colonialism, slavery, transoceanic networks, and cross-cultural interactions and extends the boundaries of traditional Atlantic, national, world, and colonial histories.

Pirates --- Slave trade --- Barbary corsairs --- Corsairs --- Freebooters --- Outlaws --- Buccaneers --- History --- North America --- 17th century world history. --- 18th century world history. --- american history. --- atlantic ocean. --- california world history series. --- colonial america. --- colonial merchants. --- colonialism. --- consumer demands. --- early american commerce. --- east indies. --- euro american pirates. --- global trade. --- history. --- indian ocean. --- informal trade network. --- merchant ships. --- north american colonies. --- north atlantic slave trade. --- piracy. --- pirates. --- retrospective. --- sailors. --- seafarers. --- seafaring. --- slave trade. --- slavery. --- transoceanic network. --- world empires. --- world history.

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The Politics of Precaution examines the politics of consumer and environmental risk regulation in the United States and Europe over the last five decades, explaining why America and Europe have often regulated a wide range of similar risks differently. It finds that between 1960 and 1990, American health, safety, and environmental regulations were more stringent, risk averse, comprehensive, and innovative than those adopted in Europe. But since around 1990, the book shows, global regulatory leadership has shifted to Europe. What explains this striking reversal? David Vogel takes an in-depth, comparative look at European and American policies toward a range of consumer and environmental risks, including vehicle air pollution, ozone depletion, climate change, beef and milk hormones, genetically modified agriculture, antibiotics in animal feed, pesticides, cosmetic safety, and hazardous substances in electronic products. He traces how concerns over such risks--and pressure on political leaders to do something about them--have risen among the European public but declined among Americans. Vogel explores how policymakers in Europe have grown supportive of more stringent regulations while those in the United States have become sharply polarized along partisan lines. And as European policymakers have grown more willing to regulate risks on precautionary grounds, increasingly skeptical American policymakers have called for higher levels of scientific certainty before imposing additional regulatory controls on business.

Environmental policy --- Public health laws --- Safety regulations --- Consumer protection --- Communicable diseases --- Public health --- Medical laws and legislation --- Safety regulations, International --- Accidents --- Police regulations --- Industrial safety --- Consumerism --- Protection, Consumer --- Commercial policy --- Law and legislation --- Prevention --- European 1 : --- American 1 : --- General & Multiperiod. --- American chemical regulations. --- American policies. --- American regulatory policies. --- EU. --- Europe. --- European chemical regulations. --- European policies. --- REACH. --- Toxic Substances Control Act 1976. --- United States. --- affluent democracies. --- agricultural production. --- air pollution. --- chemicals. --- climate change. --- consumer regulation. --- consumer risk regulation. --- consumer safety. --- cosmetic safety. --- cosmetics. --- costТenefit analyses. --- domestic pressures. --- drug lag. --- drugs. --- economic integration. --- environmental regulation. --- environmental risk regulation. --- environmental risk regulations. --- food safety. --- genetically modified agriculture. --- global regulatory leadership. --- government officials. --- hazardous substances. --- health risk. --- health. --- mobile source pollutants. --- nongovernment organizations. --- pesticides. --- pharmaceutical regulation. --- policy convergence. --- policy errors. --- policy makers. --- policy outcomes. --- policy shifts. --- policy styles. --- political salience. --- political systems. --- public demands. --- public opinion. --- public pressures. --- public risk. --- regulatory officials. --- regulatory stringency. --- risk assessment. --- risk assessments. --- risk regulation. --- risk regulations. --- safety risks. --- safety. --- transatlantic commerce. --- transatlantic politics. --- transatlantic risk regulation. --- vehicle air pollution.