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Historians have never resolved a central mystery of the Russian Revolution: How did the Bolsheviks, despite facing a world of enemies and leaving nothing but economic ruin in their path, manage to stay in power through five long years of civil war? In this penetrating book, Sean McMeekin draws on previously undiscovered materials from the Soviet Ministry of Finance and other European and American archives to expose some of the darkest secrets of Russia's early days of communism. Building on one archival revelation after another, the author reveals how the Bolsheviks financed their aggression through astonishingly extensive thievery. Their looting included everything from the cash savings of private citizens to gold, silver, diamonds, jewelry, icons, antiques, and artwork. By tracking illicit Soviet financial transactions across Europe, McMeekin shows how Lenin's regime accomplished history's greatest heist between 1917 and 1922 and turned centuries of accumulated wealth into the sinews of class war. McMeekin also names names, introducing for the first time the compliant bankers, lawyers, and middlemen who, for a price, helped the Bolsheviks launder their loot, impoverish Russia, and impose their brutal will on millions.

Finance, Public --- Pillage --- History. --- Soviet Union --- Politics and government --- Looting --- Plundering --- Cameralistics --- Public finance --- Sack (Pillage) --- Military offenses --- Robbery --- War crimes --- Currency question --- Public finances

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CORPORATIONS -- 337 --- SMUGGLERS -- 337 --- AFRICA -- 330.191.6 --- LOOTING OF MINERAL RESOURCES -- 330.191.6 --- WARLORDS -- 330.191.6 --- OLIGARCHS -- 330.191.6 --- CORPORATIONS -- 330.191.6 --- SMUGGLERS -- 330.191.6 --- AFRICA -- 339 --- WARLORDS -- 339 --- OLIGARCHS -- 339 --- CORPORATIONS -- 339 --- SMUGGLERS -- 339 --- OLIGARCHS -- 337 --- LOOTING OF MINERAL RESOURCES -- 339

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Jeanne de Jussie (1503-61) experienced the Protestant Reformation from within the walls of the Convent of Saint Clare in Geneva. In her impassioned and engaging Short Chronicle, she offers a singular account of the Reformation, reporting not only on the larger clashes between Protestants and Catholics but also on events in her convent-devious city councilmen who lied to trusting nuns, lecherous soldiers who tried to kiss them, and iconoclastic intruders who smashed statues and burned paintings. Throughout her tale, Jussie highlights women's roles on both sides of the conflict, from the Reformed women who came to her convent in an attempt to convert the nuns to the Catholic women who ransacked the shop of a Reformed apothecary. Above all, she stresses the Poor Clares' faithfulness and the good men and women who came to them in their time of need, ending her story with the nuns' arduous journey by foot from Reformed Geneva to Catholic Annecy. First published in French in 1611, Jussie's Short Chronicle is translated here for an English-speaking audience for the first time, providing a fresh perspective on struggles for religious and political power in sixteenth-century Geneva and a rare glimpse at early modern monastic life.

Reformation --- Protestant Reformation --- Church history --- Counter-Reformation --- Protestantism --- History --- Geneva (Switzerland) --- Genève (Switzerland) --- Genf (Switzerland) --- Ginevra (Switzerland) --- Jih-nei-wa (Switzerland) --- Ginebra (Switzerland) --- Cheneba (Switzerland) --- Geneua (Switzerland) --- Cenevre (Switzerland) --- Colonia Allobrogum (Switzerland) --- Genevra (Switzerland) --- Geneva (Republic) --- geneva, convent of saint clare, protestant reformation, cloister, religion, spirituality, catholicism, protestantism, conflict, sect, nuns, history, women, gender, autobiography, biography, diary, conversion, looting, pillage, apothecary, faith, piety, worship, annecy, monasticism, seclusion, nonfiction, memoir, pilgrimage, refugee.

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Downtown America was once the vibrant urban center romanticized in the Petula Clark song-a place where the lights were brighter, where people went to spend their money and forget their worries. But in the second half of the twentieth century, "downtown" became a shadow of its former self, succumbing to economic competition and commercial decline. And the death of Main Streets across the country came to be seen as sadly inexorable, like the passing of an aged loved one. Downtown America cuts beneath the archetypal story of downtown's rise and fall and offers a dynamic new story of urban development in the United States. Moving beyond conventional narratives, Alison Isenberg shows that downtown's trajectory was not dictated by inevitable free market forces or natural life-and-death cycles. Instead, it was the product of human actors-the contested creation of retailers, developers, government leaders, architects, and planners, as well as political activists, consumers, civic clubs, real estate appraisers, even postcard artists. Throughout the twentieth century, conflicts over downtown's mundane conditions-what it should look like and who should walk its streets-pointed to fundamental disagreements over American values. Isenberg reveals how the innovative efforts of these participants infused Main Street with its resonant symbolism, while still accounting for pervasive uncertainty and fears of decline. Readers of this work will find anything but a story of inevitability. Even some of the downtown's darkest moments-the Great Depression's collapse in land values, the rioting and looting of the 1960's, or abandonment and vacancy during the 1970's-illuminate how core cultural values have animated and intertwined with economic investment to reinvent the physical form and social experiences of urban commerce. Downtown America-its empty stores, revitalized marketplaces, and romanticized past-will never look quite the same again. A book that does away with our most clichéd approaches to urban studies, Downtown America will appeal to readers interested in the history of the United States and the mythology surrounding its most cherished institutions. A Choice Outstanding Academic Title. Winner of the 2005 Ellis W. Hawley Prize from the Organization of American Historians. Winner of the 2005 Lewis Mumford Prize for Best Book in American Planning History. Winner of the 2005 Historic Preservation Book Price from the University of Mary Washington Center for Historic Preservation. Named 2005 Honor Book from the New Jersey Council for the Humanities.

Cities and towns --- Central business districts --- City and town life --- Community life --- Inner cities --- Urban renewal --- City planning --- History. --- Model cities --- Renewal, Urban --- Urban redevelopment --- Urban renewal projects --- Central cities --- Ghettos, Inner city --- Inner city ghettos --- Inner city problems --- Zones of transitions --- Activities districts, Central --- Business districts, Central --- CBDs (Central business districts) --- Centers, City (Central business districts) --- Central activities districts --- City centers (Central business districts) --- City centres (Central business districts) --- Districts, Central activities --- Districts, Central business --- Districts, Downtown --- Downtown districts --- Downtowns --- Land use, Urban --- Urban policy --- Urban cores --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- Human ecology --- Retail trade --- History --- E-books --- United States --- Sociology of environment --- History of North America --- anno 1900-1999 --- downtown, city, urban, shopping, tourism, development, commerce, decline, main street, economics, competition, retail, government, architecture, civic clubs, real estate, streets, nonfiction, history, planning, great depression, land values, politics, looting, riots, activism, abandonment, vacancy, nostalgia, inner cities, renewal, central business districts, race, racism, suburbs, gender, postcards. --- United States of America

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The international controversy over who "owns" antiquities has pitted museums against archaeologists and source countries where ancient artifacts are found. In his book Who Owns Antiquity?, James Cuno argued that antiquities are the cultural property of humankind, not of the countries that lay exclusive claim to them. Now in Whose Culture?, Cuno assembles preeminent museum directors, curators, and scholars to explain for themselves what's at stake in this struggle--and why the museums' critics couldn't be more wrong. Source countries and archaeologists favor tough cultural property laws restricting the export of antiquities, have fought for the return of artifacts from museums worldwide, and claim the acquisition of undocumented antiquities encourages looting of archaeological sites. In Whose Culture?, leading figures from universities and museums in the United States and Britain argue that modern nation-states have at best a dubious connection with the ancient cultures they claim to represent, and that archaeology has been misused by nationalistic identity politics. They explain why exhibition is essential to responsible acquisitions, why our shared art heritage trumps nationalist agendas, why restrictive cultural property laws put antiquities at risk from unstable governments--and more. Defending the principles of art as the legacy of all humankind and museums as instruments of inquiry and tolerance, Whose Culture? brings reasoned argument to an issue that for too long has been distorted by politics and emotionalism. In addition to the editor, the contributors are Kwame Anthony Appiah, Sir John Boardman, Michael F. Brown, Derek Gillman, Neil MacGregor, John Henry Merryman, Philippe de Montebello, David I. Owen, and James C. Y. Watt.

Antiquities -- Collection and preservation -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Antiquities -- Collection and preservation -- Social aspects. --- Cultural property -- Protection. --- Cultural property -- Repatriation. --- Excavations (Archaeology) -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Museum exhibits -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Museums -- Acquisitions -- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Museums -- Philosophy. --- Museums --- Museum exhibits --- Cultural property --- Antiquities --- Excavations (Archaeology) --- General --- Museum Publications --- Moral and ethical aspects --- Acquisitions --- Protection --- Repatriation --- Collection and preservation --- Social aspects --- Philosophy --- Moral and ethical aspects. --- Social aspects. --- Protection. --- Repatriation. --- Philosophy. --- Display techniques --- Displays, Museum --- Museum displays --- Archaeological digs --- Archaeological excavations --- Digs (Archaeology) --- Excavation sites (Archaeology) --- Ruins --- Sites, Excavation (Archaeology) --- Repatriation of cultural property --- Cultural property, Protection of --- Cultural resources management --- Archaeological specimens --- Artefacts (Antiquities) --- Artifacts (Antiquities) --- Specimens, Archaeological --- Exhibitions --- Government policy --- Law and legislation --- Restitution --- Public institutions --- Cabinets of curiosities --- Museum techniques --- Archaeology --- Cultural policy --- Historic preservation --- Material culture --- 037 --- 069.01 --- 7.025.7 --- 7.025.7 Kunstwerken: verlies, teloorgang door o.a. diefstal of tijdens transport --- Kunstwerken: verlies, teloorgang door o.a. diefstal of tijdens transport --- 069.01 Museologie --- Museologie --- Collection and preservation&delete& --- Acquisitions&delete& --- musea --- Musées --- Objets exposés --- Biens culturels --- Antiquités --- Fouilles (Archéologie) --- Aspect moral --- Collections et conservation --- Aspect social --- Philosophie --- Accessibility. --- American Journal of Archaeology. --- American Schools of Oriental Research. --- Ancient Egypt. --- Ancient Greece. --- Ancient Greek art. --- Antiquities. --- Archaeological context. --- Archaeological site. --- Archaeology. --- Art Loss Register. --- Art museum. --- Arts and Crafts movement. --- Beijing. --- Benin. --- Burial. --- Cambridge University Press. --- Capital Museum. --- Censorship. --- Circumstantial evidence. --- Civilization. --- Collecting. --- Colonialism. --- Consideration. --- Cosmopolitanism. --- Country of origin. --- Crime. --- Criticism. --- Cultural Property (Japan). --- Cultural appropriation. --- Cultural heritage. --- Cultural nationalism. --- Cultural property law. --- Cultural property. --- Curator. --- Elgin Marbles. --- Epigraphy. --- Euphronios Krater. --- Fu Hao. --- Funding. --- Iconoclasm. --- Ideology. --- Indigenous peoples. --- Insider. --- Institution. --- Intellectual property. --- International Council of Museums. --- J. Paul Getty Museum. --- Jews. --- Kenya. --- Kwame Anthony Appiah. --- Lansdowne portrait. --- Lecture. --- Legislation. --- Literature. --- Looting. --- Material culture. --- Matthew Bogdanos. --- Member state. --- Metropolitan Museum of Art. --- Museum. --- National Museum of the American Indian. --- National Palace Museum. --- National Treasure (Japan). --- National treasure. --- Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act. --- Neolithic. --- Newspaper. --- Ownership. --- Partage. --- Personhood. --- Philistinism. --- Private collection. --- Provenance. --- Publication. --- Punitive expedition. --- Repatriation (humans). --- Rhetoric. --- Roman art. --- Ruler. --- Smithsonian Institution. --- Smuggling. --- Sophistication. --- State ownership. --- Statute. --- Superiority (short story). --- Taliban. --- Tax. --- The Hundreds. --- The New York Review of Books. --- The New York Times. --- Theft. --- Tomb of Fu Hao. --- Tomb. --- Treaty. --- Tribal art. --- UNESCO. --- Urkesh. --- Work of art. --- World Heritage Site.