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931 --- Oude geschiedenis--in het algemeen --- 931 Oude geschiedenis--in het algemeen --- Iran. --- República Islâmica do Irã --- Irã --- Persia --- Northern Tier --- Islamic Republic of Iran --- Jumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Īrān --- I-lang --- Paras-Iran --- Paras --- Persia-Iran --- I.R.A. --- Islamische Republik Iran --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Iran --- I.R.I. --- IRI --- ايران --- جمهورى اسلامى ايران --- Êran --- Komarî Îslamî Êran

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Iranologists --- Iranologues --- Bibliography --- Biography --- Biographie --- Iran --- History --- Iranian philology --- Study and teaching --- Biography. --- -Iranologists --- -928 --- Iranian studies specialists --- Iranists --- Asianists --- Middle East specialists --- History Biographies Persons in literature, history etc --- -Bibliography. --- 928 --- República Islâmica do Irã --- Irã --- Persia --- Northern Tier --- Islamic Republic of Iran --- Jumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Īrān --- I-lang --- Paras-Iran --- Paras --- Persia-Iran --- I.R.A. --- Islamische Republik Iran --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Iran --- I.R.I. --- IRI --- ايران --- جمهورى اسلامى ايران --- Êran --- Komarî Îslamî Êran --- Bibliography. --- Archéologie --- Civilisation --- Étude et enseignement --- Antiquités --- Biobibliographie --- Recherche

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La vocation séculaire de la Mauritanie a été de se vouloir un "pont" entre le Maghreb et l'Afrique noire car les déserts, comme les fleuves, unissent au moins autant qu'ils ne séparent. La jeune république mauritanienne s'est assignée de réactualiser cette mission, à la fois pour légitimer son entrée dans le concert des Etats-Nations, et pour se donner davantage de moyens dans sa lutte pour le développement et l'émancipation. Cette situation spécifique de la Mauritanie, qui en fait une des principales charnières africaines, devait logiquement susciter la collaboration des deux équipes de recherche du C.R.E.S.M. et du C.E.A.N. Les régions rassemblées au sein de la Mauritanie contemporaine ont une riche histoire et ont été depuis longtemps un foyer culturel et religieux important. Elles ont fait l'objet de nombreuses études approfondies, mais dispersées et peu accessibles au public non spécialisé. De même la Mauritanie nouvelle, après avoir été la "Cendrillon" de la colonisation française, a été quelque peu délaissée par les observateurs jusqu'à ce que le conflit du Sahara occidental ne la projette sur la scène de l'actualité internationale. Le lecteur trouvera dans ce livre collectif, rassemblées pour la première fois, un ensemble de contributions à caractère historique, géographique, culturel, sociologique, économique et politique rédigées par des spécialistes soucieux de mettre au service d'un ouvrage de vulgarisation la précision de leurs recherches et leur attachement à cette Mauritanie "terre des hommes".

Mauritania. --- Mauritanie --- History & Archaeology --- Regions & Countries - Africa --- Mauretania --- Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Islamskai︠a︡ Respublika Mavritanii︠a︡ --- Territoire de la Mauritanie --- Islamic Republic of Mauritania --- République islamique de Mauritanie --- Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- R.I. Mauritanie --- RI Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyā --- République islamique arabe et africaine de Mauritanie --- Mūrītāniyyah --- Al-Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Ğumhūriyyah al-Islāmiyyah al-Mūrītāniyyah --- Muritaniyah --- موريتانيا --- Mūrītānyā --- Gànnaar --- Murutaane --- Moritani --- الجمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- al-Jumhūrīyah al-Islāmīyah al-Mūrītānīyah --- جمهورية الإسلامية الموريتانية --- モーリタニア --- Mōritania --- Mauretanien --- décolonisation --- Sahara

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This is an authoritative study of the administrative, social, and economic structure of Afghanistan during a decisive stage in its history. The period covered—the reign of the "Iron" Amir Rahman Khan—was in many ways the beginning of modern Afghanistan as a cohesive nation. Although Afghanistan had emerged as an entity in 1747, it was actually under the Amir that its borders were established, its internal unification completed, and the modern concept of nationhood implanted. Kakar approaches this complex process by taking into consideration both the internal and the external forces that influenced its development. Thus, modernization, centralization, and nationalization are seen as both defensive reactions to European imperialism and necessary preconditions to capital formation and, consequently, industrialization. The first part of the book covers the government of the Amir, from the personality of the ruler down to the operation of his new bureaucrats at the local level. Here Kakar presents a comprehensive treatment of the Afghan system of taxation and local government. The second part views these economic and social institutions from the perspective of the major segments of the populace—nomads, townsmen, tribes, women, slaves, landowners, mullahs, merchants, and so forth.

Afghanistan --- Economic conditions. --- Social conditions. --- Politics and government. --- A-fu-han --- Afeganistão --- Affganistan --- Affghanistan --- Afganistan --- Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat --- Afganistėn --- Afganistėn Myslimėn Respublikė --- Afghānistān Islāmī Imārat --- Afghánská islámská republika --- Afghanstan --- Afghanstan Islam Respublikaḣy --- Afhanistan --- Ăfqanıstan --- Ăfqanıstan İslam Respublikası --- Afuganisutan --- Ahyganitã --- Apganistan --- Aphganistan --- Da Afġānistān Islāmī Jumhoryat --- Democratic Republic of Afghanistan --- DRA --- Efẍanistan --- Gweriniaeth Islamaidd Affganistan --- Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan --- Islamic Republic of Afghanistan --- Islamic State of Afghanistan --- Islamikong Republika kan Apganistan --- Islamitiese Republiek van Afghanistan --- Islamska republika Afganistan --- Islamskai︠a︡ Rėspublika Afhanistan --- Isli︠a︡mska republika Afganistan --- Jamhuri-ye Islami-ye Afghanistan --- Jomhūrī-ye Eslāmī-ye Afġānestān --- Jumhūrī-i Islāmī-i Afghānistān --- Republic of Afghanistan --- República Democrática de Afganistán --- Republik Islamek Afghanistan --- Tetã Islãrehegua Ahyganitã --- Афганистан --- Афганистэн --- Афганистэн Мыслимэн Республикэ --- Афганістан --- Ислямска република Афганистан --- Ісламская Рэспубліка Афганістан --- افغانستان --- جمهورى اسلامى افغانستان --- アフガニスタン --- HISTORY / Middle East / General.