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History of Asia --- anno 1200-1499 --- anno 1100-1199 --- Middle East --- Crusades --- Islamic Empire --- Croisades --- History --- Empire islamique --- Histoire --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Muslim Empire --- History. --- -History --- Geschiedenis van Azië --- Midden-Oosten

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Abbassides (dynastie) --- Islamic Empire --- History --- Historiography. --- -Islamic Empire --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- -Historiography --- -History --- Arab countries --- Abbassides --- Islam --- Ouvrages apologétiques --- Histoire et critique

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Islam --- History of philosophy --- History of civilization --- anno 500-1499 --- -Mohammedanism --- Muhammadanism --- Muslimism --- Mussulmanism --- Religions --- Muslims --- Doctrines --- Islamic Empire --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- Intellectual life --- History --- Doctrines. --- Intellectual life. --- -Doctrines --- -Intellectual life --- Dogma, Islamic --- Islamic theology --- Kalam --- Muslim theology --- Theology, Islamic --- Theology, Muslim

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953 --- 953 Geschiedenis van het Arabisch schiereiland en de Islamitische wereld --- Geschiedenis van het Arabisch schiereiland en de Islamitische wereld --- Islamic Empire --- Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- History --- History of Asia --- Islam --- anno 500-599 --- anno 600-699 --- anno 800-1199 --- Empire islamique --- Histoire --- Geschiedenis van Azië --- Midden-Oosten

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This new study examines how religious authority was distributed in early Islam. It argues the case that, as in Shi'ism, it was concentrated in the head of state, rather than dispersed among learned laymen as in Sunnism. Originally the caliph was both head of state and ultimate source of religious law; the Sunni pattern represents the outcome of a conflict between the caliph and early scholars who, as spokesmen of the community, assumed religious leadership for themselves. Many Islamicists have assumed the Shi'ite concept of the imamate to be a deviant development. In contrast, this book argues that it is an archaism preserving the concept of religious authority with which all Muslims began.

Califat --- Caliphate --- Islam and state --- Islam en Staat --- Islam et Etat --- Kalifaat --- Islamic Empire --- Politics and government --- 297.16 --- Mosque and state --- State and Islam --- State, The --- Ummah (Islam) --- Khalifat --- Khilāfah --- Khilafat --- Caliphs --- Islam --- Kings and rulers --- Islam: religieuze organisatie; religieuze functies en personen --- -Arab countries --- Arab Empire --- Empire, Islamic --- Middle East --- Muslim Empire --- History --- Caliphate. --- Islam and state. --- Politics and government. --- -Politics and government --- 297.16 Islam: religieuze organisatie; religieuze functies en personen --- Islamic Empire - Politics and government --- Califes --- Islam et etat