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Law --- Law reform --- Perestroĭka --- Congresses.

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Focusing on two major issues--the "conversion" of defense industry resources to civilian uses and the influence of contemporary weapons technology and complexity on the Soviet Union's ability to meet military requirements--this report identifies and explains the major elements of continuity and change in Soviet military organization, concepts, and goals since the emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev and his "new political thinking." Soviet military research and development and production evolved from the 1930s to the 1980s in a manner that was consistent with the political-military doctrine and economic base that supported it. Now, with the dramatic changes in Soviet political choices, doctrine, economics, and technology, the Soviet Union's defense production complex is engaged in adapting to a conversion to civilian production as it tries to meet military demands for higher performance, increased reliability, lower costs, and the application of new technologies. Analysts must now shift from dealing with established and familiar elements to grappling with the uncertainties of evolving Soviet politics and policies.

Perestroĭka. --- Soviet Union --- Armed Forces --- Procurement.

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Buddhism --- Bouddhisme --- Bibliographie --- Ikeda, Daisaku --- Bibliography. --- Sōka Gakkai

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This report formulates estimates of competing resource claims facing the Soviet leadership and develops alternative combinations of allocations to these competing sectors. It highlights the conflicting allocative choices and policy options confronting the Soviet leaders and the severity of the resource constraints they face in approaching these choices. The authors evaluate the implications of these choices with respect to reductions in Soviet military spending, arms control, foreign capital inflows, the production of consumer goods by the defense industry, subventions to the external Soviet empire, and prospects for fundamental economic reform. Among the inferences they draw from the policy options facing the Soviet leadership are (1) consumption, investment, and military alternatives would exceed the ruble estimates of Soviet GNP in 1995 by 6 percent to 40 percent of Soviet GNP; (2) pressures to reduce Soviet spending are and will be intense, but even deeper military spending cuts than those presented in the policy alternatives achieve only modest goals for the nonmilitary sector; (3) the Soviet Union will be strongly motivated to seek types of arms control that involve real force reductions and resource savings in operating and investment costs; and (4) Soviet interest in substantial external financing to fund commodity imports may be very high over the next decade.

Resource allocation. --- Perestroĭka. --- Soviet Union --- Economic policy

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Perestroĭka --- Perestroïka --- Baltic States --- Soviet Union --- Pays baltes --- URSS --- History --- Politics and government --- Histoire --- Politique et gouvernement