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Decision making --- Decision-making.

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Decision-aiding software is applied in this book to government, personal decisions, law, teaching, decision-analysis research, cross-national decision-making, business and politics.

Decision making --- Data processing.

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Environmental management --- Environmental protection --- Multiple criteria decision making --- Decision making --- Decision making

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Decision making --- Macroeconomics --- Case studies. --- Case studies.

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Investment decisions require trading off current expenditures against future revenues. If revenues extend far enough into the future, the executives responsible for designing long-run investment policy may no longer be in office by the time all the revenues are realized. We present evidence that: (1) on average, executives are close to leaving office (relative to the payout period of many investments); (2) bonuses based on accounting earnings constitute an important part of compensation for the typical executive; and (3) executives respond in predictable ways to compensation plans based on accounting measures of earnings. Based on these facts, we hypothesize that existing compensation policy induces executives to reduce investments during their last years in office. In our empirical work, however, we find that investment expenditures on research and development and on advertising tend to be largest in the final years of a CEO's time in office. We offer several possible explanations for this surprising finding

Investments --- International business enterprises. --- Decision making.