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From World War I to Operation Desert Storm, American policymakers have repeatedly invoked the "lessons of history" as they contemplated taking their nation to war. Do these historical analogies actually shape policy, or are they primarily tools of political justification? Yuen Foong Khong argues that leaders use analogies not merely to justify policies but also to perform specific cognitive and information-processing tasks essential to political decision-making. Khong identifies what these tasks are and shows how they can be used to explain the U.S. decision to intervene in Vietnam. Relying on interviews with senior officials and on recently declassified documents, the author demonstrates with a precision not attained by previous studies that the three most important analogies of the Vietnam era--Korea, Munich, and Dien Bien Phu--can account for America's Vietnam choices. A special contribution is the author's use of cognitive social psychology to support his argument about how humans analogize and to explain why policymakers often use analogies poorly.

Polemology --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 --- International relations --- Decision making --- United States --- Foreign relations --- Decision making. --- War. --- Armed conflict (War) --- Conflict, Armed (War) --- Fighting --- Hostilities --- Wars --- Military art and science --- United States. --- Vietnam. --- ABŞ --- ABSh --- Ameerika Ühendriigid --- America (Republic) --- Amerika Birlăshmish Shtatlary --- Amerika Birlăşmi Ştatları --- Amerika Birlăşmiş Ştatları --- Amerika ka Kelenyalen Jamanaw --- Amerika Qūrama Shtattary --- Amerika Qŭshma Shtatlari --- Amerika Qushma Shtattary --- Amerika (Republic) --- Amerikai Egyesült Államok --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi︠a︡vks Shtattnė --- Amerikări Pĕrleshu̇llĕ Shtatsem --- Amerikas Forenede Stater --- Amerikayi Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Ameriketako Estatu Batuak --- Amirika Carékat --- AQSh --- Ar. ha-B. --- Arhab --- Artsot ha-Berit --- Artzois Ha'bris --- Bí-kok --- Ē.P.A. --- EE.UU. --- Egyesült Államok --- ĒPA --- Estados Unidos --- Estados Unidos da América do Norte --- Estados Unidos de América --- Estaos Xuníos --- Estaos Xuníos d'América --- Estatos Unitos --- Estatos Unitos d'America --- Estats Units d'Amèrica --- Ètats-Unis d'Amèrica --- États-Unis d'Amérique --- Fareyniḳṭe Shṭaṭn --- Feriene Steaten --- Feriene Steaten fan Amearika --- Forente stater --- FS --- Hēnomenai Politeiai Amerikēs --- Hēnōmenes Politeies tēs Amerikēs --- Hiwsisayin Amerikayi Miatsʻeal Tērutʻiwnkʻ --- Istadus Unidus --- Jungtinės Amerikos valstybės --- Mei guo --- Mei-kuo --- Meiguo --- Mî-koet --- Miatsʻyal Nahangner --- Miguk --- Na Stàitean Aonaichte --- NSA --- S.U.A. --- SAD --- Saharat ʻAmērikā --- SASht --- Severo-Amerikanskie Shtaty --- Severo-Amerikanskie Soedinennye Shtaty --- Si︠e︡vero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Sjedinjene Američke Države --- Soedinennye Shtaty Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Severnoĭ Ameriki --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si︠e︡vernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerické --- Spojené staty americké --- SShA --- Stadoù-Unanet Amerika --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheiriceá --- Stany Zjednoczone --- Stati Uniti --- Stati Uniti d'America --- Stâts Unîts --- Stâts Unîts di Americhe --- Steatyn Unnaneysit --- Steatyn Unnaneysit America --- SUA (Stati Uniti d'America) --- Sŭedineni amerikanski shtati --- Sŭedinenite shtati --- Tetã peteĩ reko Amérikagua --- U.S. --- U.S.A. --- United States of America --- Unol Daleithiau --- Unol Daleithiau America --- Unuiĝintaj Ŝtatoj de Ameriko --- US --- USA --- Usono --- Vaeinigte Staatn --- Vaeinigte Staatn vo Amerika --- Vereinigte Staaten --- Vereinigte Staaten von Amerika --- Verenigde State van Amerika --- Verenigde Staten --- VS --- VSA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígíí --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amirīkīyah --- Wilāyāt al-Muttaḥidah al-Amrīkīyah --- Yhdysvallat --- Yunaeted Stet --- Yunaeted Stet blong Amerika --- ZDA --- Združene države Amerike --- Zʹi︠e︡dnani Derz︠h︡avy Ameryky --- Zjadnośone staty Ameriki --- Zluchanyi︠a︡ Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz︠h︡avy --- ZSA --- Η.Π.Α. --- Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες της Αμερικής --- Америка (Republic) --- Американь Вейтьсэндявкс Штаттнэ --- Америкӑри Пӗрлешӳллӗ Штатсем --- САЩ --- Съединените щати --- Злучаныя Штаты Амерыкі --- ولايات المتحدة --- ولايات المتّحدة الأمريكيّة --- ولايات المتحدة الامريكية --- 미국 --- Betʻŭnam --- Biet Nam --- Bietnam --- Biyetnan --- Chính phủ nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Fītnām --- Fīyatnām --- Fiyitnām --- I︠U︡zhnyĭ Vʹetnam --- National Republic of Vietnam --- Nước Cộng hòa xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam --- Petʻŭnam --- Republica Socialista de Vietnam --- Rèpublica socialista du Viêt Nam --- République socialiste du Vietnam --- RSV --- RSVN --- S.R.V. --- Satsyi︠a︡listychnai︠a︡ Rėspublika V'etnam --- Socialist Republic of Viet Nam --- Socialist Republic of Vietnam --- Sosialistiese Republiek Viëtnam --- Sot︠s︡ialisticheska republika Vietnam --- Sot︠s︡ialisticheskai︠a︡ Respublika Vʹetnam --- SRV --- SRVN --- Vʹet-Nam --- Vʹetnam --- Viet-Nam --- Vijetnam --- Vītnām --- Vīyitnām --- Vjetnamio --- Vyetnam --- Vyetnam Sosialist Respublikası --- Wietnam --- Yüeh-nan --- Сацыялістычная Рэспубліка В'етнам --- Социалистическа република Виетнам --- Виетнам --- В'етнам --- فيتنام --- Vietnam (Democratic Republic) --- Vietnam (Republic) --- États-Unis --- É.-U. --- ÉU --- AB --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattn --- Saharat ʻAmērik --- Si͡evero-Amerikanskīe Soedinennye Shtaty --- Soedinennye Shtaty Si͡evernoĭ Ameriki --- Spojené obce severoamerick --- Spojené staty americk --- Stáit Aontaithe Mheirice --- SUA --- Wááshindoon Bikéyah Ałhidadiidzooígí --- Zʹi͡ednani Derz͡havy Ameryky --- Zluchanyi͡a Shtaty Ameryki --- Zlucheni Derz͡havy --- Vietnam War, 1961-1975 - United States --- International relations - Decision making --- United States - Foreign relations - 1963-1969 - Decision making --- Amerikanʹ Veĭtʹsėndi͡avks Shtattnė --- AE framework. --- Abelson, Robert. --- Bundy, McGeorge. --- Burma. --- Churchill, Winston S. --- Eden, Anthony. --- Fiske, Susan. --- Gelb, Leslie H. --- George, Alexander. --- Hanoi. --- Indochina. --- Jervis, Robert. --- Kennedy, John F. --- Korean War. --- Laos. --- Malayan analogy. --- Manchuria. --- Mussolini, Benito. --- Operational Code. --- Philippines. --- appeasement. --- cognitive consistency. --- containment. --- domino theory. --- historical analogies. --- lessons of Korea. --- nuclear weapons. --- private use of analogies.