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Les vibrations mécaniques constituent une nuisance professionnelle importante. Dans notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés aux vibrations transmises à l’ensemble du corps par les véhicules de transport et plus particulièrement par les chariots élévateurs.
Les caristes sont exposés à un environnement vibratoire de basses fréquences préjudiciables à l’organisme. Au moment de l’exposition, les vibrations influencent le confort, les performances et les fonctions physiologiques (appareils cardio-respiratoire, digestif et musculaire essentiellement). A long terme, elles induisent des pathologies dorso-lombaires et digestives. Cette nuisance vibratoire est aggravée par d’autres conditions tells que les contraintes posturales du poste de conduite et les conditions de travail parfois difficiles.
Notre étude a permis d’une part de dresser un bilan de la contrainte vibratoire au poste de conduite des chariots élévateurs, d’autre part d’évaluer l’influence des pneumatiques et des sièges. Ce sont 5 chariots différents par leur capacité de charge et le type d’énergie qui ont été successivement équipé de pneumatique gonflés et plains, ainsi que d’un siège sans suspension et d’un siège à suspension mécanique. Deux trajets (béton lisse et pavés) ont été testés. Des essais à vide et en charge ont été réalisés. Pour mesurer, évaluer et interpréter l’exposition aux vibrations, nous avons fait référence à la norme ISO 2631.
Les chariots élévateurs équipés de pneumatiques gonflés se sont révélés, sur le sol du véhicule, moins vibrants que ceux équipés de pneumatiques pleins. Le siège sans suspension amplifie les vibrations transmises au conducteur quel que soit le type de pneumatique testé mais l’amplification est maximale avec les pneumatiques gonflés. Le siège à suspension mécanique, s’est montré efficace pour atténuer les vibrations des engins équipés de pneumatiques pleins. Il s’est par contre montré inadapté avec les pneumatiques gonflés. Cette inefficacité à réduire les vibrations s’explique par une fréquence de coupure trop élevée. La nature du sol influence également la contrainte vibratoire. Les vibrations sont plus élevées sur les pavés que sur le béton. De même, les intensités vibratoires sont systématiquement plus faibles sur un chariot se déplaçant à vide. Enfin, les chariots électriques se sont révélés moins vibrants que les chariots diesel.
Si l’on veut réduire efficacement les vibrations de basses fréquences transmises au conducteur, il faudra donc équiper les véhicules avec des pneumatiques gonflés tout en choisissant un siège à suspension avec une fréquence de coupure suffisamment basse. En outre, on veillera à l’amélioration de l’état des sols et à l’adaptation de sa vitesse aux conditions du sol.

Vibration --- Preventive Medicine --- Occupational Exposure

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Pesticides --- Public Health --- Preventive Medicine --- toxicity --- poisoning --- Pesticiden --- 614.878 --- Exposure to irritant substances, chemicals etc. --- 614.878 Exposure to irritant substances, chemicals etc.

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The Journal of Travel Medicine publishes up-to-date research and original, peer-reviewed articles in the challenging field of travel medicine, including: prevention and treatment of disease; clinic management; patient and staff education; immunizations; impact of travel on host countries; military medicine; problems of refugees; diseases such as malaria, travelers' diarrhea, hepatitis, TB, STDs and AIDS, jet lag, altitude sickness, trauma, special hosts, and more.

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