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Changes in economic systems provide a rare opportunity to redesign basic institutional structures in labor markets. This paper attempts to provide guidance for such institutional choice by drawing on the findings of recent labor market research in market economies on the links between institutional structure and labor market performance. After considering the suitability of research from market economies for the labor market problems faced by economies in transition from central planning, the paper considers the effects of alternative institutions for wage determination (collective bargaining structures and minimum wage and indexation legislation), employment security, income security, and active labor market policy.

Labor --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Labor Economics Policies --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Active labor market policies --- Labor market --- Manpower policy --- Economic theory --- United States

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This paper examines the role of the labor market in the transmission process of adjustment policies in developing countries. It begins by reviewing the recent evidence regarding the functioning of these markets. It then studies the implications of wage inertia, nominal contracts, labor market segmentation, and impediments to labor mobility for stabilization policies. The effect of labor market reforms on economic flexibility and the channels through which labor market imperfections alter the effects of structural adjustment measures are discussed next. The last part of the paper identifies a variety of issues that may require further investigation, such as the link between changes in relative wages and the distributional effects of adjustment policies.

Labor --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search --- Labor Demand --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: Public Policy --- Labour --- income economics --- Labor markets --- Real wages --- Minimum wages --- Labor market --- Economic theory --- Minimum wage --- Mexico

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This report describes recent developments and issues in Austria. The report discusses the structural features of the Austrian labor market. Two features—the relative importance of foreign labor supply, and the comparatively low labor force participation of certain groups—are analyzed in detail. The historical structure of the Austrian balance of payments is discussed, and the developments in 1994 are analyzed. The report also examines the Austrian tourism industry and its underlying problems. Developments in public finances are also elaborated.

Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Industries: Hospital,Travel and Tourism --- Sports --- Gambling --- Restaurants --- Recreation --- Tourism --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Trade: General --- Labor Economics: General --- General Aggregative Models: General --- Hospitality, leisure & tourism industries --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Labor markets --- Exports --- National accounts --- Economic sectors --- International trade --- Labor market --- Labor economics --- National income --- Austria

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This paper examines the effect of trade reform on wages and unemployment in a two-sector, three-good economy in which labor is imperfectly mobile across sectors. Wages in the export sector are set so as to minimize turnover costs. The analysis shows that a reduction in tariffs, coupled with an adjustment in lump-sum taxes to equilibrate the government budget, lowers wages in all production sectors in the short and the medium run but has an ambiguous effect on unemployment. Although employment and production of exportables expand in the medium run, the unemployment rate may rise or fall depending on whether the elasticity of wages in the export sector with respect to wages in the nontraded goods sector is lower or greater than unity. Potentially adverse effects may be mitigated in the long run, however, as a result of induced shifts in the structure of production activities.

Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Taxation --- Employment --- Unemployment --- Wages --- Intergenerational Income Distribution --- Aggregate Human Capital --- Aggregate Labor Productivity --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs: General --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure --- Labour --- income economics --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Exports --- Tariffs --- Labor markets --- International trade --- Taxes --- Labor force --- Economic theory --- Tariff --- Labor market --- Mexico

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Sweden's economy in the early 1990s has been characterized by a deep recession, high unemployment, a ballooning public sector budgete deficit, and a decline in the value of the currency- developments that have raised questions about the country's capacity to sustain its comprehensive welfare state. This study provides an analysis of recent economic developments in a longer-term context and assesses their implications for future policies.

Social security law --- Economic policy and planning (general) --- Sweden --- Public welfare --- Economic conditions --- Social policy --- -330.1 <485> --- politique sociale --- prosperite et bien etre --- situation economique --- suede --- SE / Sweden - Zweden - Suede --- 331.31 --- 331.30 --- 336.61 --- 336.024 --- 368.40 --- 331.32 --- 330.05 --- 361.6509485 --- Benevolent institutions --- Poor relief --- Public assistance --- Public charities --- Public relief --- Public welfare reform --- Relief (Aid) --- Social welfare --- Welfare (Public assistance) --- Welfare reform --- Human services --- Social service --- Economische grondbegrippen. Algemene begrippen in de economie--Zweden --- sociale politiek --- welvaart en welzijn --- economische toestand --- zweden --- Economisch beleid. --- Economische toestand. --- Financieel beleid. --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid. --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden. --- Structuur van de economie. --- Government policy --- Economic conditions. --- Social policy. --- Working papers --- 330.1 <485> Economische grondbegrippen. Algemene begrippen in de economie--Zweden --- 330.1 <485> --- Economische toestand --- Economisch beleid --- Structuur van de economie --- Sociale begroting, rekeningen en uitgaven. Gezondheid --- Financieel beleid --- Sociale voorzorg en verzekeringen. Sociale zekerheid: algemeenheden --- Public welfare - Sweden --- Sweden - Economic conditions --- Sweden - Social policy --- Banks and Banking --- Exports and Imports --- Labor --- Macroeconomics --- Public Finance --- Budgeting --- Price Level --- Inflation --- Deflation --- Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits --- Private Pensions --- Demand and Supply of Labor: General --- Trade: General --- Debt --- Debt Management --- Sovereign Debt --- Labour --- income economics --- Public finance & taxation --- Pensions --- International economics --- Labor markets --- Export prices --- Public debt --- Pension spending --- Prices --- Expenditure --- Exports --- Labor market --- Debts, Public --- Consumption --- Economics