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Pakistan’s economic performance has been marred by persistently high fiscal deficits which have resulted largely from the inability to raise sufficient revenues. Agriculture is a dominant sector of the economy, but generates very limited revenue from direct taxes on agricultural producers. The paper first reviews the history of attempts to tax agriculture in Pakistan, the purpose of which is to underscore the difficulty in adopting and implementing a sound agricultural tax policy. It then examines various alternatives with regard to the taxation of agricultural land and incomes. Finally, it presents the outlines of a full-fledged agricultural income tax that could be implemented within the Constitutional framework in the next three to five years.

Macroeconomics --- Taxation --- Fiscal Policy --- Agricultural Policy --- Food Policy --- Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies --- Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions --- Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue: General --- Business Taxes and Subsidies --- Public finance & taxation --- Agriculture, agribusiness & food production industries --- Property & real estate --- Income and capital gains taxes --- Personal income --- Income tax systems --- Agricultural tax --- Land tax --- Taxes --- National accounts --- Income tax --- Income --- Real property tax --- Pakistan

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Edited by Zubair Iqbal and Mohsin Khan, this volume is a collection of papers given at a seminar on trade issues in Africa, conducted by the IMF nad the African Economic Research Consortium. It represents the views of government officials, academics, and representatives from multilateral and regional agencies on issues relating to trade reform and regionalism in Africa. Issues include the role of trade liberalization in promoting sustained growth, interdependence of trade and macroeconomic policies, impediments to effective trade reforms, the steps needed to accelerate trade reform, and the importance of regional interaction.

339.54 <6> --- 339.92 <6> --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- 382.51 --- 331.30 --- 382.30 --- 382.52 --- 337.554 --- NBB congres --- Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Afrika --- Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve. --- Economische toestand. --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden. --- Handelsakkoorden. Driehoekshandel. Bilateralisme. --- Vrijhandelsgebieden en -associaties. Europese Vrijhandelsassociatie. Europese Economische Ruimte. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan --- -Africa, Sub-Saharan --- -Africa, Black --- Africa, Subsaharan --- Africa, Tropical --- Africa South of the Sahara --- Black Africa --- Sub-Sahara Africa --- Sub-Saharan Africa --- Subsahara Africa --- Subsaharan Africa --- Tropical Africa --- Commercial policy --- -Congresses --- Economic conditions --- -Regional disparities --- Economic integration --- Foreign economic relations --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Commercial policy -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Economic conditions -- Regional disparities -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Economic integration -- Congresses. --- Africa, Sub-Saharan -- Foreign economic relations -- Congresses. --- Commerce --- Business & Economics --- International Commerce --- -Commercial policy --- 339.92 <6> Economische samenwerking en integratie. Tolunie--Afrika --- 339.54 <6> Buitenlandse economische politiek. Buitenlandse handelspolitiek. Instrumentarium van de buitenlandse handel--Afrika --- Regional disparities --- Africa, Black --- Economische toestand --- Vrijhandelsgebieden en -associaties. Europese Vrijhandelsassociatie. Europese Economische Ruimte --- Handels- en wisselpolitiek in hun verband met de buitenlandse handel: algemeenheden --- Aard, belang en evolutie. Handelsbalans. J curve --- Handelsakkoorden. Driehoekshandel. Bilateralisme --- E-books --- Exports and Imports --- Foreign Exchange --- Taxation --- International Economics --- Natural Resources --- Trade Policy --- International Trade Organizations --- Trade: General --- Financial Aspects of Economic Integration --- Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics --- Environmental and Ecological Economics: General --- International Investment --- Long-term Capital Movements --- International economics --- Public finance & taxation --- International trade & commerce --- Currency --- Foreign exchange --- Environmental management --- Tariffs --- Trade policy --- Trade liberalization --- Exports --- Regional integration --- Taxes --- International trade --- Imports --- Tariff --- International economic integration --- South Africa