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One of the most critical environmental challenges facing both Californians and Australians in the 1860s involved the aftermath of the gold rushes. Settlers on both continents faced the disruptive impacts of mining, grazing, and agriculture; in response to these challenges, environmental reformers attempted to remake the natural environment into an idealized garden landscape. As this cutting-edge history shows, an important result of this nineteenth-century effort to "renovate" nature was a far-reaching exchange of ideas between the United States--especially in California--and Australia. Ian Tyrrell demonstrates how Californians and Australians shared plants, insects, personnel, technology, and dreams, creating a system of environmental exchange that transcended national and natural boundaries. True Gardens of the Gods traces a new nineteenth-century environmental sensibility that emerged from the collision of European expansion with these frontier environments. Tyrrell traces historical ideas and personalities, provides in-depth discussions of introduced plants species (such as the eucalyptus and Monterey Pine), looks at a number of scientific programs of the time, and measures the impact of race, class, and gender on environmental policy. The book represents a new trend toward studying American history from a transnational perspective, focusing especially on a comparison of American history with the history of similar settler societies. Through the use of original research and an innovative methodology, this book offers a new look at the history of environmentalism on a regional and global scale.

Plant introduction --- Agriculture --- Human ecology --- Pest introduction --- Plant Sciences --- Earth & Environmental Sciences --- Exotic pest introduction --- Foreign pest introduction --- Introduction of pests --- Pests --- Animal introduction --- Nonindigenous pests --- Ecology --- Environment, Human --- Human beings --- Human environment --- Ecological engineering --- Human geography --- Nature --- Farming --- Husbandry --- Industrial arts --- Life sciences --- Food supply --- Land use, Rural --- Introduction of plants --- Botany, Economic --- Phytogeography --- Alien plants --- Exotic plants --- History. --- History --- Social aspects --- Effect of environment on --- Effect of human beings on --- California --- Australia --- Ahitereiria --- Aostralia --- Ástralía --- ʻAukekulelia --- Austraalia --- Austraalia Ühendus --- Australian Government --- Australie --- Australien --- Australiese Gemenebes --- Aŭstralii︠a︡ --- Australija --- Austrālijas Savienība --- Australijos Sandrauga --- Aŭstralio --- Australské společenství --- Ausztrál Államszövetség --- Ausztrália --- Avstralii︠a︡ --- Avstraliĭski sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskiĭ Soi︠u︡z --- Avstraliĭskii︠a︡t sŭi︠u︡z --- Avstralija --- Awstralia --- Awstralja --- Awstralya --- Aystralia --- Commonwealth of Australia --- Cymanwlad Awstralia --- Državna zaednica Avstralija --- Government of Australia --- Ḳehiliyat Osṭralyah --- Koinopoliteia tēs Aystralias --- Komanwel Australia --- Komonveltot na Avstralija --- Komonwelt sa Awstralya --- Komunaĵo de Aŭstralio --- Komunejo de Aŭstralio --- Kūmunwālth al-Usturālī --- Mancomunidad de Australia --- Mancomunitat d'Austràlia --- Negara Persemakmuran Australia --- New Holland --- Nova Hollandia --- Osṭralyah --- Ōsutoraria --- Persemakmuran Australia --- Samveldið Ástralía --- Usṭralyah --- Usturāliyā --- Whakaminenga o Ahitereiria --- Κοινοπολιτεία της Αυστραλίας --- Αυστραλία --- Аўстралія --- Австралия --- Австралија --- Австралийски съюз --- Австралийският съюз --- Австралийский Союз --- Комонвелтот на Австралија --- Државна заедница Австралија --- אוסטרליה --- קהיליית אוסטרליה --- أستراليا --- كومنولث الأسترالي --- オーストラリア --- Alta California (Province) --- CA --- Cal. --- Cali. --- Calif. --- Californias (Province) --- CF --- Chia-chou --- Departamento de Californias --- Kʻaellipʻonia --- Kʻaellipʻonia-ju --- Kʻaellipʻoniaju --- Kalifornii --- Kalifornii︠a︡ --- Kalifornija --- Ḳalifornyah --- Ḳalifornye --- Kālīfūrniyā --- Kaliphornia --- Karapōnia --- Kariforunia --- Kariforunia-shū --- Medinat Ḳalifornyah --- Politeia tēs Kaliphornias --- Provincia de Californias --- Shtat Kalifornii︠a︡ --- State of California --- Upper California --- Πολιτεία της Καλιφόρνιας --- Καλιφόρνια --- Штат Каліфорнія --- Калифорния --- Калифорнија --- Калифорнии --- Каліфорнія --- קאליפארניע --- קליפורניה --- מדינת קליפורניה --- كاليفورنيا --- カリフォルニア --- カリフォルニア州 --- 캘리포니아 --- 캘리포니아 주 --- 캘리포니아주 --- Relations