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Ce bilan des expériences d'un grand nombre de pays Membres et non membres de l'OCDE en matière de décentralisation budgétaire est riche d'enseignements pour les deux groupes de pays. Il en ressort que le groupe des pays non membres de l'OCDE semble souvent confondre décentralisation fiscale et suppression du contrôle par les autorités centrales des finances infranationales. C'est une erreur ; une telle équation peut conduire à des comportements budgétairement irresponsables de la part des autorités locales, à une détérioration des situations budgétaires aux deux niveaux, et à un surcroît de coût en raison de l'existence d'institutions faisant double-emploi. Autre conclusion, on n'a pas accordé suffisamment d'attention aux mesures à prendre pour augmenter les recettes des collectivités locales, par opposition aux transferts émanant d'autres niveaux d'administration.La question de la décentralisation budgétaire dans les économies émergentes revêt une importance particulière parce qu'elle découle en partie d'un désir d'améliorer la démocratie et la responsabilisation à l'échelle locale. Toutefois, la répartition des responsabilités doit s'effectuer dans une atmosphère de transparence, et une bonne rationalisation des choix budgétaires suppose des compétences techniques. Il faut accorder une grande attention à l'approvisionnement des revenus et au contrôle efficace des dépenses. Enfin, les dépenses locales doivent correspondre aux revenus disponibles sans faire pression sur les ressources de l'administration centrale.

336.121 --- 336.126 --- AA / International- internationaal --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 336.53 --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten. --- Decentralization in government --- Finance, Public --- Décentralisation administrative --- Finances publiques --- Congresses --- Congrès --- Congresses. --- Development --- Taxation --- Political Science --- Law, Politics & Government --- Public Finance --- Financiële betrekkingen tussen het rijk, de provincies en de gemeenten

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Microfinance is not simply banking; it is a development tool. It has been estimated that there are 500 million economically active poor people in the world operating microenterprises and small businesses. Most of them do not have access to adequate financial services. The purpose of this Handbook is to bring together in a single source guiding principles and tools that will promote sustainable microfinance and create viable institutions. The Handbook takes a global perspective, drawing on lessons learned from the experiences of microfinance practitioners, donors, and others throughout the worl

336.77 --- 339.96 --- Financial institutions --- Microfinance --- Micro-finance --- Microcredit --- Microenterprise lending --- Microlending --- Financial services industry --- Small business --- Financial intermediaries --- Lending institutions --- Associations, institutions, etc. --- 339.96 Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- Ontwikkelingshulp. Ontwikkelingssamenwerking. Ontwikkelingsproblematiek --- 336.77 Financiering. Krediet. Kredietverlening. --- Financiering. Krediet. Kredietverlening. --- Finance --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- 333.714 --- 333.134 --- ambachtskrediet, beroepskrediet en volkskrediet. --- Volksbanken. --- Microfinance. --- Financial institutions. --- Financiering. Krediet. Kredietverlening --- Private finance --- Developing countries --- 338.340 --- Volksbanken --- ambachtskrediet, beroepskrediet en volkskrediet --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld

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International economic relations --- Taxation --- 336.201 --- 336.204 --- 336.208 --- 338.340 --- 338.8 --- AFR / Africa - Afrika - Afrique --- CI / Cote D'ivoire - Ivoorkust --- CM / Cameroon - Kameroen - Cameroun --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- MG / Madagascar --- Economic policy, Foreign --- Economic relations, Foreign --- Economics, International --- Foreign economic policy --- Foreign economic relations --- Interdependence of nations --- International economic policy --- International economics --- New international economic order --- Economic policy --- International relations --- Economic sanctions --- Fiscaal regime: structuur en evolutie. Fiscale hervorming --- weerslag, invloed, last en verdeling van de belasting --- Grondslag, vereffening, inning en controle van de belastingen. Fiscale fraude. Zwartwerk. Parallelle economie --- Algemene ontwikkeling in de Derde Wereld --- Economische groei --- Taxes --- Economic conditions. Economic development --- International finance --- Developing countries

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The international monetary system has changed radically in the last twenty years. Capital, information, goods, and services move around the globe with unprecedented ease. Countries from the former communist bloc have joined the system. Europe is on the verge of monetary union. Financial crises in East Asia and Mexico have rocked the world economy. In this book, Robert Solomon--author of the definitive history of the monetary order between 1945 and 1981--presents the first comprehensive history of these and other aspects of this revolution in international finance. Authoritative, accessible, and elegantly written, the book will be indispensable for anyone who wishes to understand how today's international monetary system works. Solomon begins with the spectacular rise and subsequent decline of the foreign exchange value of the U.S. dollar in the 1980's. He covers the debt crisis of developing countries in the 1980's. He explores the shift from central planning to market economies in many countries in the 1990's and explains the origins, implications, and problems of the move to a single European currency. Solomon examines in detail the striking increase in the mobility of capital--paying particular attention to the costs and benefits for developing countries, and to the role of capital mobility in the Mexican crisis of 1994 and the Asian crisis that began in 1997. In the book's final chapter, Solomon provides an overview of the international monetary system and considers how it might evolve in the future. In this section, he focuses on the key subjects of balance-of-payments adjustments, supply of reserves, and stability. He also evaluates a variety of much-debated policy instruments, including inflation targeting, currency boards, target zones for exchange rates, free-floating exchange rates, the Tobin tax, macroeconomic policy coordination, and special drawings rights. Throughout, Solomon relates developments in the international monetary system to macroeconomic conditions in the countries involved--arguing that it is impossible to understand one without understanding the other. As a clear, thorough, and unusually perceptive account of global finance and monetary economics in the late twentieth century, Money on the Move will be vital reading for economists, policymakers, and general readers.

339.7 --- International finance --- AA / International- internationaal --- EEU / Central & Eastern Europe --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- US / United States of America - USA - Verenigde Staten - Etats Unis --- 339.115 --- 334.151.20 --- 333.600 --- 333.480 --- 382.20 --- 333.432.8 --- 332.042 --- International monetary system --- International money --- Finance --- International economic relations --- Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336}) --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC. --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden. --- Financiële markten. Kapitaalmarkten (algemeenheden). --- Geldstelsel. --- Internationale betalingen en betalingsbalans: algemeenheden. --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten. --- International finance. --- Business & Economics --- International Finance --- 339.7 Internationale financien. Buitenlands betalingsverkeer --(z.o {336}) --- Internationale monetaire organisatie. Internationaal Muntfonds. Algemene leningovereenkomsten --- Geldstelsel --- Financiële markten. Kapitaalmarkten (algemeenheden) --- Economische en monetaire unie van de Europese Gemeenschappen: algemeenheden --- Buitenlandse schuld. Debt Equity Swap in LDC --- Internationale betalingen en betalingsbalans: algemeenheden

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The exchange rate is a crucial variable linking a nation's domestic economy to the international market. Thus choice of an exchange rate regime is a central component in the economic policy of developing countries and a key factor affecting economic growth. Historically, most developing nations have employed strict exchange rate controls and heavy protection of domestic industry-policies now thought to be at odds with sustainable and desirable rates of economic growth. By contrast, many East Asian nations maintained exchange rate regimes designed to achieve an attractive climate for exports and an "outer-oriented" development strategy. The result has been rapid and consistent economic growth over the past few decades. Changes in Exchange Rates in Rapidly Developing Countries explores the impact of such diverse exchange control regimes in both historical and regional contexts, focusing particular attention on East Asia. This comprehensive, carefully researched volume will surely become a standard reference for scholars and policymakers.

International finance --- Developing countries --- Foreign exchange --- Foreign exchange rates --- Government policy --- Congresses --- ASI / Asia - Azië - Asie --- LAM / Latin America - Latijns Amerika - Amérique Latine --- LDC / Developping Countries - Pays En Développement --- HK / Hong Kong --- JP / Japan - Japon --- KR / South Korea - Zuid Korea - Corée du Sud --- TW / Taiwan --- 382.242.0 --- 382.241 --- 333.825 --- 333.481 --- 333.450 --- 333.451.1 --- NBB congres --- -Foreign exchange --- -Foreign exchange rates --- -332.456091724 --- Exchange rates --- Fixed exchange rates --- Flexible exchange rates --- Floating exchange rates --- Fluctuating exchange rates --- Rates of exchange --- Cambistry --- Currency exchange --- Exchange, Foreign --- Foreign currency --- Foreign exchange problem --- Foreign money --- Forex --- FX (Finance) --- International exchange --- Currency crises --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden. --- Balans van het lopend verkeer. --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies. --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering. --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit. --- Wisselkoersen. --- -Congresses --- Rates --- Conferences - Meetings --- Government policy&delete& --- E-books --- 332.456091724 --- Theorie van het deviezenverkeer. Theorie van de koopkrachtpariteit --- Wisselkoersen --- Monetaire crisissen, hervormingen, saneringen en stabilisering --- Deviezenpolitiek. Interventies --- Balans van het lopend verkeer --- Balans van het kapitaalverkeer: algemeenheden --- Foreign exchange - Government policy - East Asia - Congresses --- Foreign exchange - Government policy - Developing countries - Congresses --- Foreign exchange rates - Developing countries - Congresses --- Foreign exchange rates - East Asia - Congresses --- finance, financial, money, income, wealth, currency, currencies, country, international, global, theories, policies, domestic, economy, economics, market, regime, growth, history, historical, analysis, academic, scholarly, research, east asia, textbook, college, university, higher education, crisis, flow, comparison, interview, latin america, taiwan, korea.